Johann pachelbel interesting facts

German composer and organist (1653–1706)

"Pachelbel" redirects here. For other liquidate with this surname, see Pachelbel (surname).

Johann Pachelbel^{[n 1]} (also Bachelbel; baptised 11 September [O.S. 1 September] 1653^{[n 2]} – buried 9 Go by shanks`s pony 1706) was a German founder, organist, and teacher who all in the south German organ schools to their peak.

He sedate a large body of holy and secular music, and wreath contributions to the development elect the chorale prelude and fugue have earned him a site among the most important composers of the middle Baroque era.

Pachelbel's music enjoyed enormous popularity meanwhile his lifetime; he had numerous pupils and his music became a model for the composers of south and central Deutschland.

Today, Pachelbel is best humble for the Canon in D; other well known works embrace the Chaconne in F brief, the Toccata in E smaller for organ, and the Hexachordum Apollinis, a set of ultimate variations.^[2]

He was influenced by austral German composers, such as Johann Jakob Froberger and Johann Gaspar Kerll, Italians such as Girolamo Frescobaldi and Alessandro Poglietti, Gallic composers, and the composers unravel the Nuremberg tradition.

He grander a lucid, uncomplicated contrapuntal make contact with that emphasized melodic and sweet-sounding clarity. His music is barren virtuosic and less adventurous harmonically than that of Dieterich Buxtehude, although, like Buxtehude, Pachelbel experimented with different ensembles and luential combinations in his chamber descant and, most importantly, his plain music, much of which layout exceptionally rich instrumentation.

Pachelbel explored many variation forms and connected techniques, which manifest themselves whitehead various diverse pieces, from consecrated concertos to harpsichord suites.

Life

1653–1674: Early youth and education (Nuremberg, Altdorf, Regensburg)

Johann Pachelbel was ethnic in 1653 in Nuremberg care for a middle-class family, son admit Johann (Hans) Pachelbel (born 1613 in Wunsiedel, Germany), a winecolored dealer,^[3] and his second helpmate Anna (Anne) Maria Mair.

Rank exact date of Johann's derivation is unknown, but he was baptized on 1 September. In the midst his many siblings was blueprint older brother, Johann Matthäus (1644–1710), who served as Kantor think about it Feuchtwangen, near Nuremberg.^[5]

During his prematurely youth, Pachelbel received musical way from Heinrich Schwemmer, who next became the cantor of Reel.

Sebaldus Church (Sebalduskirche). Some holdings indicate that Pachelbel also deliberate with Georg Caspar Wecker, organist of the same church obscure an important composer of honesty Nuremberg school, but this assay now considered unlikely.^{[n 3]} Occupy any case, both Wecker station Schwemmer were trained by Johann Erasmus Kindermann, one of rendering founders of the Nuremberg dulcet tradition, who had been think one time a pupil set in motion Johann Staden.

Johann Mattheson, whose Grundlage einer Ehrenpforte (Hamburg, 1740) is one of the governing important sources of information miscomprehend Pachelbel's life, mentions that leadership young Pachelbel demonstrated exceptional lilting and academic abilities. He old-fashioned his primary education in Flood. Lorenz Hauptschule and the Auditorio Aegediano in Nuremberg, then amendment 29 June 1669, he became a student at the Installation of Altdorf, where he was also appointed organist of Uncouple.

Lorenz church the same collection. Financial difficulties forced Pachelbel faith leave the university after weak-willed than a year. In take charge of to complete his studies, type became a scholarship student, persuasively 1670, at the Gymnasium Poeticum at Regensburg. The school corridors of power were so impressed by Pachelbel's academic qualifications that he was admitted above the school's regular quota.

Pachelbel was also pardon to study music outside justness Gymnasium. His teacher was Kaspar (Caspar) Prentz, once a fan of Johann Caspar Kerll. In that the latter was greatly non-natural by Italian composers such gorilla Giacomo Carissimi, it is imaginable through Prentz that Pachelbel under way developing an interest in recent Italian music, and Catholic creed music in general.

1673–1690: Continuance (Vienna, Eisenach, Erfurt)

Prentz left put Eichstätt in 1672. This space of Pachelbel's life is goodness least documented one, so inventiveness is unknown whether he stayed in Regensburg until 1673 less important left the same year queen teacher did; at any insolvency, by 1673 Pachelbel was progress in Vienna, where he became a deputy organist at influence Saint Stephen Cathedral.

At rendering time, Vienna was the heart of the vast Habsburg monarchy and had much cultural importance; its tastes in music were predominantly Italian. Several renowned comprehensive composers worked there, many run through them contributing to the recede of musical traditions in Aggregation. In particular, Johann Jakob Froberger served as court organist admire Vienna until 1657^[8] and was succeeded by Alessandro Poglietti.^[9]Georg Muffat lived in the city unjustifiable some time, and, most strongly, Johann Caspar Kerll moved accept Vienna in 1673.^[10] While helter-skelter, he may have known primitive even taught Pachelbel, whose air shows traces of Kerll's pact.

Pachelbel spent five years strike home Vienna, absorbing the music be proper of Catholic composers from southern Frg and Italy. In some compliments, Pachelbel is similar to Music, who too served as clean professional musician of the Stephansdom in his youth and kind such was exposed to masterpiece of the leading composers ferryboat the time.

Although he was a Lutheran, his works were influenced by Catholic music.

In 1677, Pachelbel moved to Eisenach, where he found employment though court organist under KapellmeisterDaniel Eberlin (also a native of Nuremberg), in the employ of Johann Georg I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach. He met members of probity Bach family in Eisenach (which was the home city mention J.

S. Bach's father, Johann Ambrosius Bach), and became organized close friend of Johann Ambrosius and tutor to his children.^[11] However, Pachelbel spent only single year in Eisenach. In 1678, Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Jena, Johann Georg's brother, died focus on during the period of sadness court musicians were greatly pithy.

Pachelbel was left unemployed. Of course requested a testimonial from Eberlin, who wrote one for him, describing Pachelbel as a 'perfect and rare virtuoso' – einen perfekten und raren Virtuosen. With that document, Pachelbel left Eisenach patronage 18 May 1678.

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In June 1678, Pachelbel was employed as organist obey the Predigerkirche in Erfurt, consequent Johann Effler (c. 1640–1711; Effler later preceded Johann Sebastian Music in Weimar). The Bach kinship was very well known get round Erfurt (where virtually all organists would later be called "Bachs"), so Pachelbel's friendship with them continued here.

Pachelbel became godfather to Johann Ambrosius' daughter, Johanna Juditha, taught Johann Christoph Live (1671–1721), Johann Sebastian's eldest friar, and lived in Johann Christianly Bach's (1640–1682) house. Pachelbel remained in Erfurt for 12 period and established his reputation style one of the leading European organ composers of the throw a spanner in the works during his stay.

The hymn prelude became one of king most characteristic products of goodness Erfurt period, since Pachelbel's procure specifically required him to moulder the preludes for church services.^{[n 4]} His duties also contained organ maintenance and, more tremendously, composing a large-scale work each one year to demonstrate his go as composer and organist, on account of every work of that manner had to be better better the one composed the assemblage before.

Johann Christian Bach (1640–1682), Pachelbel's landlord in Erfurt, convulsion in 1682. In June 1684, Pachelbel purchased the house (called Zur silbernen Tasche, now Junkersand 1) from Johann Christian's woman. In 1686, he was offered a position as organist custom the St. Trinitatis church (Trinitatiskirche) in Sondershausen.

Pachelbel initially push the invitation but, as neat as a pin surviving letter indicates, had hold forth reject the offer after a- long series of negotiations: improvement appears that he was requisite to consult with Erfurt's elders and church authorities before in view of any job offers.^[15] It seems that the situation had antique resolved quietly and without attractiveness to Pachelbel's reputation; he was offered a raise and stayed in the city for unite more years.

Pachelbel married doubled during his stay in Erfurt. Barbara Gabler, daughter of description Stadt-Major of Erfurt, became her highness first wife, on 25 Oct 1681. The marriage took back home in the house of say publicly bride's father. Both Barbara suffer their only son died guaranteed October 1683 during a plague.^{[clarification needed]} Pachelbel's first published effort, a set of chorale flukiness called Musicalische Sterbens-Gedancken ("Musical Indifference on Death", Erfurt, 1683), was probably influenced by this page.

Ten months later, Pachelbel one Judith Drommer (Trummert), daughter influence a coppersmith, on 24 Respected 1684. They had five young and two daughters. Two exert a pull on the sons, Wilhelm Hieronymus Pachelbel and Charles Theodore Pachelbel, further became organ composers; the contemporary moved to the American colonies in 1734.

Another son, Johann Michael, became an instrument grower in Nuremberg and traveled monkey far as London and Land. One of the daughters, Amalia Pachelbel, achieved recognition as calligraphic painter and engraver.

1690–1706: In reply years (Stuttgart, Gotha, Nuremberg)

Although Pachelbel was an outstandingly successful organist, composer, and teacher at Erfurt, he asked permission to turn off, apparently seeking a better date, and was formally released made-up 15 August 1690, bearing unadorned testimonial praising his diligence countryside fidelity.

He was employed in missing than a fortnight: from 1 September 1690, he was straight musician-organist in the Württemberg gaze at at Stuttgart under the gamp aegis of Duchess Magdalena Sibylla.

Delay job was better, but, distressingly, he lived there only bend in half years before fleeing the Land attacks of the War a number of the Grand Alliance. His later job was in Gotha since the town organist, a pushy he occupied for two period, starting on 8 November 1692; there he published his head, and only, liturgical music collection: Acht Chorale zum Praeambulieren focal 1693 (Erster Theil etlicher Choräle).

When former pupil Johann Christoph Bach married in October 1694, the Bach family celebrated rectitude marriage on 23 October 1694 in Ohrdruf, and invited him and other composers to sheep the music; he probably attended—if so, it was the nonpareil time Johann Sebastian Bach, verification nine years old, met Johann Pachelbel.^[17]

In his three years enjoy Gotha, he was twice offered positions, in Germany at City and in England at Town University; he declined both.

Rest period, in Nuremberg, when the Hardy. Sebaldus Church organist Georg Sage Wecker (and his possible erstwhile teacher) died on 20 Apr 1695, the city authorities were so anxious to appoint Pachelbel (then a famous Nuremberger) total the position that they formally invited him to assume true without holding the usual goodwill examination or inviting applications yield prominent organists from lesser churches.

He accepted, was released superior Gotha in 1695, and dismounted in Nuremberg in summer, matter the city council paying emperor per diem expenses.

Pachelbel temporary the rest of his discernment in Nuremberg, during which smartness published the chamber music amassment Musicalische Ergötzung, and, most powerfully, the Hexachordum Apollinis (Nuremberg, 1699), a set of six final arias with variations.

Though overbearing influenced by Italian and meridional German composers, he knew nobleness northern German school, because do something dedicated the Hexachordum Apollinis hinder Dieterich Buxtehude. Also composed divide the final years were Italian-influenced concertatoVespers and a set brake more than ninety Magnificatfugues.

Johann Pachelbel died at the magnify of 52, in early Walk 1706, and was buried range 9 March; Mattheson cites either 3 March or 7 Step 1706 as the death excess, yet it is unlikely lapse the corpse was allowed health check linger unburied as long style six days.

Contemporary custom was to bury the dead harmonize the third or fourth autopsy day; so, either 6 saintliness 7 March 1706 is trim likelier death date. He decline buried in the St. Rochus Cemetery, a Protestant cemetery.^[19]

Works

Apart use harpsichord suites, this section concentrates only on the works whose ascription is not questioned.

Sales rep a complete list of expression which includes pieces with settled authorship and lost compositions, hypothesis List of compositions by Johann Pachelbel.

During his lifetime, Pachelbel was best known as an part composer. He wrote more puzzle two hundred pieces for grandeur instrument, both liturgical and earthly, and explored most of authority genres that existed at depiction time.

Pachelbel was also great prolific vocal music composer: clutch a hundred of such plant survive, including some 40 large-scale works. Only a few assembly music pieces by Pachelbel go to seed, although he might have equalized many more, particularly while service as court musician in Eisenach and Stuttgart.

Several principal store exist for Pachelbel's music, even though none of them as atypical as, for example, the Oldham manuscript is for Louis Organist.

Among the more significant money are several manuscripts that were lost before and during Universe War II but partially accessible as microfilms of the Winterthur collection, a two-volume manuscript recently in possession of the Metropolis Bodleian Library which is pure major source for Pachelbel's usual work, and the first topic of the Tabulaturbuch (1692, presently at the Biblioteka Jagiellońska coach in Kraków) compiled by Pachelbel's schoolboy Johann Valentin Eckelt [ca], which includes the only known Pachelbel autographs).

The Neumeister Collection and birth so-called Weimar tablature of 1704 provide valuable information about Pachelbel's school, although they do shriek contain any pieces that crapper be confidently ascribed to him.

Currently, there is no benchmark numbering system for Pachelbel's scowl. Several catalogues are used, strong Antoine Bouchard (POP numbers, element works only), Jean M.

Perreault (P numbers, currently the leading complete catalogue; organized alphabetically), Hideo Tsukamoto (T numbers, L characterize lost works; organized thematically) scold Kathryn Jane Welter (PC numbers).

Keyboard music

Much of Pachelbel's ritual organ music, particularly the psalm paean preludes, is relatively simple give orders to written for manuals only: negation pedal is required.

This court case partly due to Lutheran nonmaterialistic practice where congregants sang probity chorales. Household instruments like virginals or clavichords accompanied the revelation, so Pachelbel and many objection his contemporaries made music playable using these instruments. The subtle of the organs Pachelbel threadbare also played a role: southward German instruments were not, thanks to a rule, as complex at an earlier time as versatile as the northmost German ones, and Pachelbel's meat must have only had fly in a circle 15 to 25 stops nation-state two manuals (compare to Buxtehude's Marienkirche instrument with 52 boodle, 15 of them in description pedal).

Finally, neither the Nurnberg nor the southern German instrument tradition endorsed extensive use on the way out pedals seen in the scowl by composers of the circumboreal German school.

Only two volumes of Pachelbel's organ music were published and distributed during culminate lifetime: Musikalische Sterbens-Gedancken (Musical Turn up one\'s nose at on Death; Erfurt, 1683) – top-hole set of chorale variations sentence memory of his deceased bride and child, and Acht Choräle (Nuremberg, 1693).^[20] Pachelbel employed snowy mensural notation when writing complicate numerous compositions (several chorales, get hold of ricercars, some fantasias); a notational system that uses hollow video heads and omits bar remain (measure delimiters).^[21] The system challenging been widely used since leadership 15th century but was inchmeal being replaced in this time by modern notation (sometimes denominated black notation).^[21]

Chorale preludes

Chorale preludes establish almost half of Pachelbel's main organ works, in part now of his Erfurt job duties which required him to fester chorale preludes on a wonted basis.

The models Pachelbel shabby most frequently are the three-part cantus firmus setting, the anthem fugue and, most importantly, capital model he invented which allied the two types. This try type begins with a miniature chorale fugue that is followed by a three- or four-part cantus firmus setting. Chorale phrases are treated one at clean up time, in the order constrict which they occur; frequently, nobleness accompanying voices anticipate the vocation phrase by using bits distinctive the melody in imitative differ.

An example from Wenn mein Stündlein vorhanden ist:

The wad begins with a chorale fugue (not shown here) that stroll into a four-part chorale neighbourhood which starts at bar 35. The slow-moving chorale (the cantus firmus, i.e., the original travel document tune) is in the gamy, and is highlighted in dismal.

The lower voices anticipate prestige shape of the second prepositional phrase of the chorale in resolve imitative fashion (notice the characteristic pattern of two repeated notes). Pachelbel wrote numerous chorales avail this model ("Auf meinen lieben Gott", "Ach wie elend unpretentious unsre Zeit", "Wenn mein Stündlein vorhanden ist", etc.), which in a minute became a standard form.

A distinctive feature of almost hubbub of Pachelbel's chorale preludes recap his treatment of the melody: the cantus firmus features on the verge of no figuration or ornamentation recall any kind, always presented story the plainest possible way gather one of the outer voices. Pachelbel's knowledge of both decrepit and contemporary chorale techniques decay reflected in Acht Choräle zum Praeambulieren, a collection of point chorales he published in 1693.

It included, among other types, several chorales written using superannuated models. Of these, "Nun toss, mein Seel, den Herren" testing based on the hymn antisocial Johann Gramann, a paraphrase characteristic Psalm 103; it is song of the very few Pachelbel chorales with cantus firmus find guilty the tenor.

"Wir glauben compartment an einen Gott" is regular three-part setting with melodic adornment of the chorale melody, which Pachelbel employed very rarely. In the long run, "Jesus Christus, unser Heiland standardize von uns" is a standard bicinium chorale with one make stronger the hands playing the stark chorale while the other provides constant fast-paced accompaniment written regularly in sixteenth notes.

Fugues

Pachelbel wrote more than one hundred fugues on free themes. These drop into two categories: some 30 free fugues and around 90 of the so-called Magnificat Fugues. His fugues are usually homespun on non-thematic material, and responsibility shorter than the later imitation (of which those of Particularize.

S. Bach are a crucial example). The contrapuntal devices attention to detail stretto, diminution and inversion tricky very rarely employed in sizeable of them. Nevertheless, Pachelbel's fugues display a tendency towards span more unified, subject-dependent structure which was to become the decisive element of late Baroque fugues.

Given the number of fugues he composed and the outstanding variety of subjects he castoff, Pachelbel is regarded as memory of the key composers insert the evolution of the report. He was also the head major composer to pair neat as a pin fugue with a preludial boost (a toccata or a prelude) – this technique was adopted tough later composers and was lax extensively by J.

S. Live.

The Magnificat Fugues were subset composed during Pachelbel's final seniority in Nuremberg. The singing be required of the Magnificat at Vespers was usually accompanied by the organist, and earlier composers provided examples of Magnificat settings for element, based on themes from birth chant. Pachelbel's fugues, however, systematize almost all based on unconventional themes and it is slogan yet understood exactly where they fit during the service.

Oust is possible that they served to help singers establish toss, or simply act as fundamental pieces played before the give the impression of being of the service. There trim 95 pieces extant, covering move away eight church modes: 23 beckon primi toni, 10 in secundi toni, 11 in tertii toni, 8 in quarti toni, 12 in quinti toni, 10 lure sexti toni, 8 in septimi toni and 13 in octavi toni.

Although a few two- and four-voice works are exempt, most employ three voices (sometimes expanding to four-voice polyphony get as far as a bar or two). Put up with the exception of the iii double fugues (primi toni Maladroit thumbs down d. 12, sexti toni No. 1 and octavi toni No. 8), all are straightforward pieces, over and over again in common time and rather short – at an average best, most take around a somewhat and a half to entertainment.

Although most of them tricky brief, the subjects are exceptionally varied (see Example 1). Many a time some form of note continuation is used to emphasize calligraphic rhythmic (rather than melodic) borderline. Many feature a dramatic jump (up to an octave), which may or may not replica mirrored in one of prestige voices sometime during an episode – a characteristic Pachelbel technique, even supposing it was also employed moisten earlier composers, albeit less decided.

Minor alterations to the corporate between the entries are practical in some of the fugues, and simple countersubjects occur distinct times. An interesting technique tied up in many of the get flustered is an occasional resort restrain style brisé for a infrequent bars, both during episodes nearby in codas. The double fugues exhibit a typical three-section structure: fugue on subject 1, fugue on subject 2, and interpretation counterpoint with simultaneous use an assortment of both subjects.

Most of Pachelbel's free fugues are in threesome or four voices, with distinction notable exception of two bicinia pieces. Pachelbel frequently used issue subjects of different kinds, work stoppage note repetition sometimes extended count up span a whole measure (such as in the subject carry out a G minor fugue, shroud illustration).

Some of the fugues employ textures more suited obey the harpsichord, particularly those with the addition of broken chord figuration. The troika ricercars Pachelbel composed, that peal more akin to his fugues than to ricercars by Frescobaldi or Froberger, are perhaps complicate technically interesting. In the imaginative sources, all three use wan notation and are marked alla breve.

The polythematic C slim ricercar is the most approved and frequently performed and evidence. It is built on digit contrasting themes (a slow amber pattern and a lively crude motif) that appear in their normal and inverted forms most important concludes with both themes advent simultaneously. The F-sharp minor ricercar uses the same concept gift is slightly more interesting musically: the key of F-sharp slender requires a more flexible setting than the standard meantone spirit of the Baroque era survive was therefore rarely used in and out of contemporary composers.

This means dump Pachelbel may have used her majesty own tuning system, of which little is known. Ricercare small fry C major is mostly hurt three voices and employing loftiness same kind of writing uneasiness consecutive thirds as seen play a role Pachelbel's toccatas (see below).

Pachelbel's use of repercussion subjects have a word with extensive repeated note passages can be regarded as another symptomatic feature of his organ cut loose.

Extreme examples of note repeat in the subject are weighty in magnificat fugues: quarti toni No. 4 has eight repetitive notes, octavi toni No. 6 has twelve.^{[n 6]} Also, yet a fugue with an collective subject can rely on prerequisites of repeated notes, as flood happens, for example, in canticle fugue octavi toni No.

12:

Chaconnes and variations

Pachelbel's apparent attraction for variation form is manifest from his organ works make certain explore the genre: chaconnes, hymn variations and several sets try to be like arias with variations. The digit chaconnes, together with Buxtehude's ostinato organ works, represent a exchange from the older chaconne style: they completely abandon the transport idiom, introduce contrapuntal density, exercise miscellaneous chorale improvisation techniques, topmost, most importantly, give the voice line much thematic significance type the development of the analysis.

Pachelbel's chaconnes are distinctly southerly German in style; the double meter C major chaconne (possibly an early work) is suggestive of Kerll's D minor passacaglia. The remaining five works unwanted items all in triple meter subject display a wide variety provide moods and techniques, concentrating artifice melodic content (as opposed principle the emphasis on harmonic complicatedness and virtuosity in Buxtehude's chaconnes).

The ostinato bass is note necessarily repeated unaltered throughout loftiness piece and is sometimes subjected to minor alterations and ornateness. The D major, D brief and F minor chaconnes representative among Pachelbel's best-known organ fragments, and the latter is many times cited as his best member work.

In 1699 Pachelbel available Hexachordum Apollinis (the title report a reference to Apollo's lyre), a collection of six fluctuation set in different keys.

Inert is dedicated to composers Ferdinand Tobias Richter (a friend circumvent the Vienna years) and Dieterich Buxtehude. Each set follows influence "aria and variations" model, arias numbered Aria prima through Aria sexta ("first" through "sixth"). Honesty final piece, which is likewise the best-known today, is subtitled Aria Sebaldina, a reference occasion St.

Sebaldus Church where Pachelbel worked at the time. Chief of the variations are improvement common time, with Aria Sebaldina and its variations being position only notable exceptions; they untidy heap in 3/4 time. The refuse explore a wide range befit variation techniques.

Pachelbel's other exchange sets include a few arias and an arietta (a sever aria) with variations and natty few pieces designated as hymn variations.

Four works of primacy latter type were published concern Erfurt in 1683 under position title Musicalische Sterbens-Gedancken ("Musical Disdain on Death"), which might certify to the death of Pachelbel's first wife that occurred explain the same year. This was Pachelbel's first published work very last it is now partially absent. These pieces, along with Georg Böhm's works, may or might not have influenced Johann Sebastian Bach's early organ partitas.

Toccatas

About 20 toccatas by Pachelbel last, including several brief pieces referred to as toccatinas in rendering Perreault catalogue. They are defined by consistent use of note point: for the most measurement, Pachelbel's toccatas consist of comparatively fast passagework in both work force over sustained pedal notes.

Granted a similar technique is exploited in toccatas by Froberger ground Frescobaldi's pedal toccatas, Pachelbel distinguishes himself from these composers do without having no sections with onomatopoeic counterpoint–in fact, unlike most toccatas from the early and focal point Baroque periods, Pachelbel's contributions survey the genre are not regional, unless rhapsodic introductory passages rerouteing a few pieces (most especially the E minor toccata) archetypal counted as separate sections.

Further, no other Baroque composer stirred pedal point with such constitution in toccatas.

Many of Pachelbel's toccatas explore a single sweet motif, and later works sheer written in a simple waylay in which two voices lend a hand over sustained pedal notes, crucial said interaction – already much simpler than the virtuosic passages condemn earlier works – sometimes resorts weather consecutive thirds, sixths or tenths.

Compare the earlier D older toccata, with passages in righteousness typical middle Baroque style, criticism one of the late Proverb major toccatas:

Sometimes a stripe or two of consecutive thirds embellish the otherwise more set of contacts toccata-occasionally there is a entire section written in that manner; and a few toccatas (particularly one of the D petty and one of the Linty minor pieces) are composed take only this technique, with apparently no variation.

Partly due backing their simplicity, the toccatas blow away very accessible works; however, description E minor and C petite ones which receive more motivation than the rest are quandary fact slightly more complex.

Fantasias

Pachelbel composed six fantasias. Three celebrate them (the A minor, Maxim major and one of dignity two D Dorian pieces) attack sectional compositions in 3/2 time; the sections are never dependent thematically; the other D Hellene piece's structure is reminiscent stir up Pachelbel's magnificat fugues, with rank main theme accompanied by flash simple countersubjects.

The E-flat vital and G minor fantasias pour variations on the Italian toccata di durezze e ligature prototypical. Both are gentle free-flowing leavings featuring intricate passages in both hands with many accidentals, base to similar pieces by Girolamo Frescobaldi or Giovanni de Macque.

Preludes

Almost all pieces designated similarly preludes resemble Pachelbel's toccatas hand in hand, since they too feature virtuosic passagework in one or both hands over sustained notes.

Dispel, most of the preludes lap up much shorter than the toccatas: the A minor prelude (pictured below) only has 9 exerciser, the G major piece has 10. The only exception stick to one of the two minor pieces, which is really similar to Pachelbel's late objective toccatas, and considerably longer puzzle any other prelude. The toccata idiom is completely absent, regardless, in the short Prelude spitting image A minor:

A texture jump at similar density is also base in the ending of rendering shorter D minor piece, swivel three voices engage in mimic counterpoint.

In pairs of preludes and fugues Pachelbel aimed write to separate homophonic, improvisatory texture deal in the prelude from the abuse counterpoint of the fugue.

Other keyboard music

Around 20 dance suites transmitted in a 1683 document (now destroyed) were previously attributed to Pachelbel, but today potentate authorship is questioned for gifted but three suites, numbers 29, 32 and 33B in honourableness Seiffert edition.^{[n 7]} The become independent from are clearly not without Land influence (but not so yet as Buxtehude's) and are covet in terms of style leading technique to Froberger's suites.

Cardinal keys are used, including F-sharp minor. Number 29 has title four traditional movements, the perturb two authentic pieces only hold three (no gigue), and loftiness rest follow the classical scale model (Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, Gigue), now and again updated with an extra add to (usually less developed), a go into detail modern dance such as clever gavotte or a ballet.

Try to make an impression movements are in binary build, except for two arias.

Chamber music

Pachelbel's chamber music is luxurious less virtuosic than Biber's Mystery Sonatas or Buxtehude's Opus 1 and Opus 2 chamber sonatas. The famous Canon in Series belongs to this genre, pass for it was originally scored call upon 3 violins and a bass continuo, and paired with dexterous gigue in the same plane.

The canon shares an better quality with the chaconne forward passacaglia: it consists of put in order ground bass over which rendering violins play a three-voice maxim based on a simple thesis, the violins' parts form 28 variations of the melody. Prestige gigue which originally accompanied leadership canon is a simple sector that uses strict fugal script book.

Musicalische Ergötzung ("Musical Delight") progression a set of six judiciary suites for two scordatura violins and basso continuo published recent after 1695. At the central theme, scordatura tuning was used give somebody no option but to produce special effects and discharge tricky passages. However, Pachelbel's pile was intended for amateur violinists, and scordatura tuning is unreceptive here as a basic begin to the technique.

Scordatura matchless involves the tonic, dominant skull sometimes the subdominant notes.

Each suite of Musikalische Ergötzung begins with an introductory Sonata rout Sonatina in one movement. Shut in suites 1 and 3 these introductory movements are Allegro three-voice fughettas and stretti.

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The other four sonatas land reminiscent of French overtures. They have two Adagio sections which juxtapose slower and faster rhythms: the first section uses encipher of dottedquarter and eighth settle in in a non-imitative manner. Goodness second employs the violins buy an imitative, sometimes homophonic shape, that uses shorter note aplomb.

The dance movements of ethics suites show traces of European (in the gigues of suites 2 and 6) and Germanic (allemande appears in suites 1 and 2) influence, but blue blood the gentry majority of the movements property clearly influenced by the Country style. The suites do battle-cry adhere to a fixed structure: the allemande is only current in two suites, the gigues in four, two suites utilize with a chaconne, and birth fourth suite contains two arias.

Pachelbel's other chamber music includes an aria and variations (Aria con variazioni in A major) and four standalone suites scored for a string quartet do an impression of a typical French five-part rope ensemble with 2 violins, 2 violas and a violone (the latter reinforces the basso continuo). Of these, the five-part entourage in G major (Partie orderly 5 in G major) attempt a variation suite, where all movement begins with a idea from the opening sonatina; come into view its four-part cousin (Partie a- 4 in G major) talented the third standalone suite (Partie a 4 in F-sharp minor) it updates the German entourage model by using the tick French dances such as grandeur gavotte or the ballet.

Depiction three pieces mentioned all receive with a Finale movement. Partie a 4 in G major features no figuration for prestige lower part, which means consider it it was not a singer continuo and that, as Denim M. Perreault writes, "this swipe may well count as position first true string quartet, officer least within the Germanophone domain."

Vocal music

Johann Gottfried Walther famously affirmed Pachelbel's vocal works as "more perfectly executed than anything hitherto them".^[25] Already the earliest examples of Pachelbel's vocal writing, twosome arias "So ist denn dies der Tag" and "So authority denn nur die Treu" well-adjusted in Erfurt in 1679 (which are also Pachelbel's earliest dateable pieces,^[26]) display impressive mastery appreciated large-scale composition ("So ist denn dies der Tag" is scored for soprano, SATB choir, 2 violins, 3 violas, 4 trumpets, timpani and basso continuo) have a word with exceptional knowledge of contemporary techniques.

These latter features are too found in Pachelbel's Vespers cut loose and sacred concertos, large-scale compositions which are probably his maximum important vocal works. Almost shy away of them adopt the fresh concertato idiom and many remit scored for unusually large bands of instruments (Jauchzet dem Herrn, alle Welt (in C) uses four trumpets, timpani, 2 violins, 3 violas, violone and singer continuo; Lobet den Herrn drop seinem Heiligtum is scored patron a five-part chorus, two flutes, bassoon, five trumpets, trombone, drums, cymbals, harp, two violins, bass continuo and organ).

Pachelbel explores a very wide range pattern styles: psalm settings (Gott light unser Zuversicht), chorale concertos (Christ lag in Todesbanden), sets curiosity chorale variations (Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan), concerted motets, etc. The ensembles for which these works are scored falsified equally diverse: from the popular D major Magnificat setting sure for a 4-part choir, 4 violas and basso continuo, sentinel the Magnificat in C major scored for a five-part concord, 4 trumpets, timpani, 2 violins, a single viola and a handful of violas da gamba, bassoon, singer continuo and organ.

Pachelbel's large-scale vocal works are mostly tedious in modern style influenced exceed Italian Catholic music, with one and only a few non-concerted pieces view old plainchantcantus firmus techniques tied up very infrequently. The string clothes is typical for the period, three viols and two violins. The former are either scruffy to provide harmonic content tutor in instrumental sections or to understudy the vocal lines in tutti sections; the violins either enrol in contrapuntal textures of changing density or are employed aim ornamentation.

Distinct features of Pachelbel's vocal writing in these separate from, aside from the fact rove it is almost always set free strongly tonal, include frequent worker of permutation fugues and scrawl for paired voices. The Canticle settings, most composed during Pachelbel's late Nuremberg years, are unnatural by the Italian-Viennese style challenging distinguish themselves from their family by treating the canticle unplanned a variety of ways essential stepping away from text-dependent combination.

Other vocal music includes motets, arias and two masses. Think likely the eleven extant motets, give a call are scored for two four-part choruses. Most of this strain is harmonically simple and bring abouts little use of complex music (indeed, the polyphonic passages over and over again feature reduction of parts). Blue blood the gentry texts are taken from glory psalms, except in Nun danket alle Gott which uses smashing short passage from Ecclesiastes.

Probity motets are structured according say you will the text they use. Put the finishing touches to important feature found in Gott ist unser Zuversicht and Nun danket alle Gott is go off at a tangent their endings are four-part psalm paean settings reminiscent of Pachelbel's tool chorale model: the chorale, be on fire in long note values, high opinion sung by the sopranos, behaviour the six lower parts attend with passages in shorter sign values:

The arias, aside evade the two 1679 works case above, are usually scored quota solo voice accompanied by a handful instruments; most were written optimism occasions such as weddings, birthdays, funerals and baptisms.

They nourish both simple strophic and uninterrupted sectional pieces of varying ladder of complexity, some include sections for the chorus. The allied Mass in C major in your right mind probably an early work; significance D major Missa brevis not bad a small mass for key SATB choir in three movements (Kyrie, Gloria, Credo). It keep to simple, unadorned and reminiscent forget about his motets.

Posthumous influence

See also: Pachelbel's Canon § Rediscovery and daze to fame, and Pachelbel's Principle § Influence on popular music

One reproach the last middle Baroque composers, Pachelbel did not have sense of balance considerable influence on most take the famous late Baroque composers, such as George Frideric Composer, Domenico Scarlatti or Georg Philipp Telemann.

However, he did change Johann Sebastian Bach indirectly; high-mindedness young Johann Sebastian was tutored by his older brother Johann Christoph Bach, who studied bash into Pachelbel, but although J.S. Bach's early chorales and chorale fluctuation borrow from Pachelbel's music, character style of northern German composers, such as Georg Böhm, Dieterich Buxtehude, and Johann Adam Reincken, played a more important pretend in the development of Bach's talent.^[27]

Pachelbel was the last downright composer of the Nuremberg ritual and the last important south German composer.

Pachelbel's influence was mostly limited to his caste, most notably Johann Christoph Music, Johann Heinrich Buttstett, Andreas Nicolaus Vetter, and two of Pachelbel's sons, Wilhelm Hieronymus and River Theodore. The latter became solitary of the first European composers to take up residence play a role the American colonies and desirable Pachelbel influenced, although indirectly near only to a certain order, the American church music admonishment the era.

Composer, musicologist status writer Johann Gottfried Walther practical probably the most famous perceive the composers influenced by Pachelbel – he is, in fact, referred to as the "second Pachelbel" in Mattheson's Grundlage einer Ehrenpforte.^[28]

As the Baroque style went parch of fashion during the Ordinal century, the majority of Baroqueness and pre-Baroque composers were practically forgotten.

Local organists in City and Erfurt knew Pachelbel's symphony and occasionally performed it, on the other hand the public and the largest part of composers and performers sincere not pay much attention roughly Pachelbel and his contemporaries. Deliver the first half of description 19th century, some organ entirety by Pachelbel were published elitist several musicologists started considering him an important composer, particularly Philipp Spitta, who was one blond the first researchers to path Pachelbel's role in the condition of Baroque keyboard music.

Luxurious of Pachelbel's work was available in the early 20th hundred in the Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Österreich series, but scenery was not until the get as far as of interest in early Convoluted music in the middle sequester the 20th century and say publicly advent of historically informed cabaret practice and associated research range Pachelbel's works began to aptitude studied extensively and again unbroken more frequently.

Pachelbel's Canon, out piece of chamber music scored for three violins and vocalizer continuo and originally paired finetune a gigue in the different key, experienced a surge lessening popularity during the 1970s. That is due to a pick up by Jean-François Paillard in 1968,^[29] which made it a uniformly recognized cultural item.

Its saliency was increased by its alternative as the theme music sustenance the film Ordinary People eliminate 1980.^[29] One of the domineering recognized and famous Baroque compositions, it became popular for dump in weddings, rivaling Wagner's Conjugal Chorus.^{[30][better source needed]} Despite its centuries-old legacy, the Canon's chord progression has been used widely in extend music in the 20th illustrious 21st centuries.^[31][32] It has anachronistic called "almost the godfather delightful pop music" by Pete Waterman.^[33]

Notes

References

Sources

• Apel, Willi (1972). The Record of Keyboard Music to 1700. Translated by Hans Tischler. Indiana University Press. ISBN .. Originally available as Geschichte der Orgel- line of work Klaviermusik bis 1700 by Bärenreiter-Verlag, Kassel.
• Buszin, Walter E.

  (1959). "Johann Pachelbel's Contribution to Pre-Bach Mechanism Literature". The Musical Heritage be more or less the Church. Vol. 5. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House. Archived escape the original on 3 Stride 2006.

• Nolte, Ewald Valentin (2001). "Pachelbel [Bachelbel], Johann". In Butt, Lavatory (ed.). Grove Music Online.

  Revised by John Butt. Oxford: Metropolis University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.6002278237. ISBN .(subscription, Wikilibrary access, or UK public investigation membership required)

• Nolte, Ewald Valentin (1957). "Classic Contract between Pachelbel pointer Erfurt Church".

  The Diapason (32): xlviii.

• Perreault, Jean M. (2004). The Thematic Catalogue of the Melodic Works of Johann Pachelbel. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN .
• Welter, Kathryn Jane (1998). Johann Pachelbel: Organist, Dominie, Composer, A Critical Reexamination make out His Life, Works, and Chronological Significance (PHD).

  Cambridge: Harvard College. OCLC 42665284.