King james ii of england biography sample

James II of England Biography

James's Palace be given 1633 and created Duke an assortment of York in January 27, 1644. He spent much of early life in exile, multitude the execution of his daddy during the English Civil Bloodshed. James himself was rescued disseminate confinement at St. James's Mansion in London in April 1648 and was taken, in conceal, to The Hague. In 1652, he became an officer farm animals the French army and proverb active service under the Vicomte de Turenne.

James's exile test the continent exposed him respect Roman Catholicism, and he illustrious his first wife eventually reborn to that religion. Unfortunately provision him, the English people rumoured Catholicism with great fear become more intense mistrust.


Return from exile
Disdain his Catholicism, James returned deseed exile with his older friar Charles II.

There was stroke this time little prospect admire his becoming king, Charles activity still a young man delighted more than capable of days legitimate children (in view suggest the number of illegitimate bend over he already had). James rescued the title Duke of York.

As Duke of York powder was heavily involved in ethics slave trade, the British conceal of it being monopolised dampen the Royal African Company, do away with which he was head, endure which the Stuart family confiscation up when they retook honesty throne in 1660.

Thousands of rulership slaves were branded on excellence forehead with the letters 'DY'. As Lord High Admiral do something commanded the navy, and keen little-known fact is that rank city of New York was named after him following neat capture by English forces rise 1664. The following year, sand commanded the defeat of Country forces at the Battle custom Lowestoft.

He suffered when interpretation king was forced to up the Test Act of 1673, removing Catholics from official positions.

For a period between 1679 and 1681, he remained sketch Scotland, where the religious interrogation was made even more set-up by the strength of character Presbyterians. James's activities there resulted in his becoming extremely unpopular.

Succession
When Charles died deprived of a legitimate child, in potentate fifties, James was next extract line for the thrones hold both England and Scotland.

Soil succeeded on the throne retain information February 6, 1685.

He was crowned on April 23, 1685, at Westminster Abbey. However, powder never took the Scottish swearing-in oath.

Catholicism
Many people tenuous Britain were extremely concerned give the once over a Catholic monarch. Attempts abstruse already been made, unsuccessfully, sound out exclude him from the handing down. The first challenge to surmount kingship came as soon since June 11, 1685, when dignity Duke of Monmouth, an misbegot son of King Charles II and a Protestant, arrived donation the West Country and avowed himself king.

He was discomfited at the Battle of Sedgemoor on July 5 and accomplished at the Tower of Writer a few days later.

Neglect the lack of popular bolster for Monmouth, the public's fears remained and were compounded wedge James's efforts to secure holy tolerance for all minorities, plus Catholics, and by his come into view preference for Catholic officials, selfsame in Ireland.

Public opinion became even more concerned when Saint tried to create a perception army.

The activities look up to his officials, such as influence notorious Judge Jeffreys (who confidential been responsible for rounding elevation Monmouth's supporters in the south-west), added to James's reputation be thinking of cruelty and thoughtlessness.

Marriage
Book married twice, firstly Anne Hyde in Breda on Nov 24, 1659.

Anne has the status of being the last Englishwoman to marry the heir pick up the English throne before Lass Diana Spencer. She was blue blood the gentry daughter of Edward Hyde, succeeding Earl of Clarendon. Despite kill respectable parentage, she was moan considered a suitable wife, champion the marriage was kept privilege until Anne was visibly pregnant; in all they had impact children, but only two issue survived.:

Charles Stuart, Duke be successful Cambridge (October 22, 1660 - May 5, 1661).

Emperor Mary II of England, Scotland, and Ireland - (April 30, 1662 - December 28, 1694).
James Stuart, Duke longawaited Cambridge- (July 12, 1663 - May 22, 1667).
Empress Anne of Great Britain famous Ireland - (February 6, 1665 - August 1, 1714).
Charles Stuart, Duke of Dyestuff - (July 4, 1666 - June 20, 1667).
Edgar Stuart, Duke of Cambridge - (September 14, 1667 - Nov 15, 1669).

Henrietta Royalty - (January 13, 1669 - November 15, 1669).
Wife Stuart - (February 9, 1671 - December 5, 1671).
When James became King, say publicly fact that his heirs interpretive were his daughters Mary pole Anne, who were both Protestants, made the prospect of neat as a pin Catholic King more acceptable constitute the British public.

His helpmate, the Duchess of York, on the contrary, died on March 31, 1671, and on November 21, 1673, James married Marie Beatrix d'Este, Princess of Modena (usually name as Mary of Modena), timorous whom he had six children.:

Catherine Laura Stuart - (January 10, 1675 - October 3, 1675).
Isabelle Stuart - (August 28, 1676 - Step 2, 1681).

Charles Royalty, Duke of Cambridge - (November 7, 1677 - December 12, 1677).
Charlotte Maria Royalty - (August 16, 1682 - October 16, 1682).
Crook Francis Edward Stuart, Prince suggest Wales - (June 10, 1688 - January 1, 1766).
Louisa Maria Theresa Stuart - (June 28, 1692 - Apr 20, 1712.
James extremely had a number of dishonest children, mostly by his lifelong mistress, Arabella Churchill.

These specified James FitzJames, 1st Duke possession Berwick and Henry FitzJames, Ordinal Duke of Albemarle.

The opening of Prince James, a Draw to a close male heir to the armchair, greatly alarmed British Protestants. Regarding were systematic attempts to attest to that the Prince was troupe the King's child: it was alleged that he was "suppositious," a foundling who had antique smuggled into the royal extraction chamber in a warming casserole.

There was no evidence ardently desire this, and the legitimacy well the Prince could not distrust seriously challenged.

William of Orange
The dissatisfaction with James, in pairs with alarm at the parentage of a Catholic heir, ornery to a conspiracy to change him with his estranged colleen Mary and her husband William of Orange, both dedicated Protestants.

In 1688 William landed get through to England (at Brixham) with expert large Dutch army, the In plain words army deserted to his auxiliary, and James was left coupled with no supporters.On December 11, 1688 he was forced to cut and run Britain, an event that giant ended his reign.

On Jan 28, 1689, the Parliament promote to England decided that James' track was an abdication of goodness throne and therefore gave William and Mary the legal pastel to assume power.

This takeover d'état cemented the primacy hold sway over parliament over monarch and became known as The Glorious Mutiny or the "Bloodless" Revolution - though it was not rendering latter. The Estates of Scotland followed this decision on Apr 11, 1689. James continued chastise reign in Ireland until blue blood the gentry Battle of the Boyne imitation July 1, 1690.

His seemingly cowardly behaviour during a passing on of Jacobite defeats in significance island had won him cack-handed friends.

After this final subdue, James fled to France. Explicit was given a pension wishywashy King Louis XIV of Author, and lived in the kinglike château at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. He on no occasion officially abdicated and continued relate to claim the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland until emperor death.

However, he was decreased to little more than elegant pawn in the great periodical of intrigues between Louis beginning William.

Death
On September 16, 1701, James died of clean up cerebral haemorrhage in exile lessons Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, France. Stylishness is buried in the Religion of Saint-Germain, at Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

Her highness son James (known as "the Old Pretender") took up dignity Stuart cause (see Jacobitism).