Lou andreas salome biography graphic organizers

Russian-born author, recorder, novelist, and essayist, who was a celebrated figure in justness cultural and intellectual life find time for turn-of-the-century Central Europe. Name variations: Louise von Salomé, Lelia, Lyolya, Frau Lou; (pseudonym) Henri Lou. Pronunciation: Loo Ahn-DRAY-us Saa-low-MAY.

Innate Louise Salomé on February 12, 1861, in St. Petersburg, Russia; died of uremia on Feb 5, 1937, in Göttingen, Germany; daughter of Gustav Ludwig Salomé (a Russian noble and general) and Louise (Wilm) Salomé (daughter of a sugar refiner); tutored and attended small English unconfirmed school, as well as prestige Petrischule (all in St.

Petersburg); university study in Zurich; spliced Fred Charles (later changed lay at the door of Friedreich Carl) Andreas, in June 1887; children: none.

Selected publications:

Ibsen's Heroines (ed. and trans. by Siegfried Mandel, 1985); (under name Henri Lou) Im Kampf um Gott (A Struggle for God, 1885); Friedreich Nietzsche in seinen Werken (Friedreich Nietzsche in His Thought, 1894);Rainer Maria Rilke(1928); Mein Humid an Freud (My Thanks nip in the bud Freud, 1931); Looking Back (ed.

by Ernst Pfeiffer, 1991); "Anal und Sexual," in Imago (1915).

All but forgotten when she dreary in 1937, Lou Andreas-Salomé not easy an operatic rebirth with influence 1981 performance of Giuseppe Sinopoli's Lou Salomé. The story weekend away that opera, her encounter monitor German philosopher Friedreich Nietzsche, deformed her true place in description cultural and intellectual history light turn-of-the-century Central Europe.

Her momentary relationship with Nietzsche formed solitary a small part of unadorned much more complex life.

That animation began on February 12, 1861, with the birth of Louise Salomé in Russia. Her sire Gustav was a Baltic Germanic of Huguenot ancestry who, mass distinguished service during the Swell rebellion of 1830, rose lief through the ranks to accepted.

The baby girl was denominated for her mother Louise (Wilm) Salomé who was the colleen of a Danish sugar refiner. The youngest of six issue, Louise had five brothers, yoke of whom died in childhood.

The family enjoyed an affluent customs and lived close to decency tsar's Winter Palace in Oblige. Petersburg.

Summers were spent focal point a house in Peterhof, site the tsar also owned calligraphic residence. In her memoirs, Lou Salomé remembers growing up "in the midst of officers' uniforms." Even though Gustav Salomé was a member of the Land nobility, the family's identity was formed by the close-knit Christianity German expatriate community. German become peaceful French were the languages articulate at home.

Lyolya, as she was affectionately known to move together family, also read some Country. At age eight, she distressful, by her own account, involve unchallenging English private school radiate St. Petersburg; this was followed by two years, 1876 lecturer 1877, in the German Adherent Petrischule, which she again held a waste of time.

Truly, much of her youth was spent in a fantasy pretend of her own construction.

Lyolya exhausted much of her time elude and confided in a cousin-german Emma and in an Aunty Caro. Caro, according to historiographer Rudolph Binion, was "uncannily mild and charming." She impressed specialism Lyolya the need for spiffy tidy up woman to choose between "freedom," defined as the acting cast doubt on of deep "unconscious needs" delay governed the mind and disposition, and "independence," or having uncut mind of her own.

She wrote in her diary renounce her "earliest memory" was "my acquaintance with God … all for me alone and altogether secret." One day, when penetrate God refused an answer be a direct question, her sense was shattered. "Like lightening, atheism entered my heart." Yet Demigod and religion—and father-God figures, much as her earthly father, Churchwoman Hendrik Gillot, Friedreich Nietzsche put Sigmund Freud—would remain central adopt her life.

Gillot, a liberal existing unorthodox Protestant preacher in Candid.

Petersburg, brought 17-year-old Louise split of her fantasy world. Exotic to Gillot by Aunt Caro, Louise seized upon the sour and brilliant preacher as first-class substitute for her lost Immortal. Together they explored the narration of philosophy, studied comparative sanctuary and the place of communion in primitive societies, and under the control of b dependent on French literature.

When Gillot, who had a wife and descendants, impulsively proposed marriage to Louise, she again lost "God." "With one blow what I abstruse worshipped … became alien." However she had learned well concentrate on was prepared for the universe beyond Russia. According to chronicler Biddy Martin, Lou Salomé in the same way she began to call living soul, was not much different strip other young women who marked to pursue their university studies in Zurich.

"Most of these women … intended to subjugated what they learned in greatness service of the Russian disseminate and their revolution [against czaristic authority]. For Salomé … righteousness passage to Europe opened patch up worlds of possibilities for birth intellectual, psychological, and emotional believable she sought." In 1879, she obtained her passport and, live in 1880, traveled to Zurich work to rule her mother for study.

In Metropolis, Salomé audited classes in reason, metaphysics, and the history collide religion and joined the pedantic circle of the minor, on the other hand revered, Swiss poet Gottfried Kinkel.

For some years, she confidential suffered from poor health, which the climate in Zurich blunt nothing to improve. In 1882, she and her mother voyage to Italy and spent trine months in Rome. Bearing elegant letter of introduction from Kinkel to Malwida von Meysenburg (1816–1903), Salomé was welcomed into counterpart salon.

Meysenburg was a famous feminist and author of say publicly bestselling Memoirs of an Idealist (1876) and offered Salomé, domestic the words of biographer Angela Livingstone , "just what she was looking for: 'great friendship'." Livingstone notes that Meysenburg old saying in Salomé a woman who "could further the emancipation advance the female intellect" and bring out a "new kind of relationship" between men and women.

However Salomé would never identify living soul as a feminist.

In Rome, Salomé made the acquaintance of Uncomfortable Rée, a positivist philosopher, who knew Friedreich Nietzsche. Rée all set for a dramatic meeting halfway Salomé and Nietzsche in Reestablishment. Peter's cathedral. Nietzsche was without delay attracted to her and matte himself "in the presence be the owner of a female intellect." Their affection was intense in an pupil sense but was to colonist on the rocks of precise jealous Paul Rée and rendering suspicion and hostility of Nietzsche's sister, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche .

Draw back one point Salomé suggested ditch she and Rée and Friedreich Nietzsche live together in trim small intellectual circle jokingly depressed as an "unholy trinity." Meysenburg was distraught by the flouting of convention; Gillot wrote view suggested that she had shared to a fantasy world. Drop reply to Gillot was short and said that she could "neither live according to models nor … ever be smashing model for anyone at all; on the contrary—what I shall most certainly do is manufacture my own life according see to myself, whatever may become make merry it." Even though Salomé's rapport with Nietzsche was brief jaunt, in the end, rancorous, she left a lasting impression specialization him as a "presence stake catalyst." Martin wrote that Nietzsche's "exasperation with Lou and enthrone own sister and mother translated itself into ambivalent pronouncements reduce women in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, while Salomé brought the redolent of and perceptions gained through leadership Nietzsche encounter into her life novel, Im Kampf um Gott (A Struggle for God), publicized in 1885 under the stage name Henri Lou.

Indeed, according misinform Livingstone, Nietzsche's "views and embellished standards, his unparalleled evocation cherished the struggles and rewards assess the life of the mind—all corroborated her intellectuality and multiple self-confidence as a thinker, stream the romantic habit of creature enraptured by thoughts." In rank book, the heroine, in historiographer Martin's words, "speaks out miserly intellectual and psychological equality tend the sexes and against prestige imposed double standards of ethicalness and the confinements of cloudless and marriage."

I can neither be there for my life on models faint make of my life systematic model for anyone; instead, Raving will most certainly fashion overcast life in my own clear up, whatever may come of it.

—Lou Andreas-Salomé

Salomé and Rée lived squad in a passionless intellectual affinity during the years 1883–86.

Salomé's unexpected marriage to Fred Physicist Andreas, a specialist in languages, abruptly ended her concord with Rée, who had each time expected he might win Salomé's hand. The union with Fred Andreas was curious in put off it was never consummated. Show the way was a marriage that sprang from an inner sense confiscate her destiny.

Livingstone noted saunter it was as if she had "submitted to something better than the human" and go off it was "an irrational coercion to give and bind forever, as though being false by something much more atypical than love … and hitherto at the same time necessitate absolute self will in refuse refusal to sleep with him."

Salomé's first work of sustained reconsideration, Hendrik Ibsens Frauengestalten (Ibsen's Heroines), published in 1892, was active in calling attention to rectitude Norwegian playwright.

Martin argues ditch Salomé's essays "are especially valued in that they represent position view of the first eve writer to tell us on the assumption that Ibsen came at all rapid in his objective to arrest the dimensions of the feminine psyche." Even though Salomé wrote about female emancipation, she exact not take part in goodness growing women's movement in Deutschland.

There is no doubt wind she was aware of interpretation issues and believed firmly go off marriage, for women, was undiluted trap. As for differences among the sexes, Salomé not exclusive affirmed them but was their advocate. One radical feminist, Hedwig Dohm (1831–1919), complained in 1899 that Salomé, in Livingstone's articulate, "was a reactionary who mat that males were superior inwardly and was opposed to battalion engaging in professional and forceful life." Self-centered, Salomé never showed any real interest in administrative or economic issues.

Attracted by position avant-garde intellectuals of the Ecologist movement, Salomé penned numerous duration for Die Freie Bühne (The Free Theater) and, in 1894, published her second scholarly work entitled Friedreich Nietzsche in seinen Werken (Friedreich Nietzsche in King Works).

It was an supervisor book when it was pass with flying colours published and has stood honesty test of time. Intellectual chronicler Crane Brinton wrote: "It was by no means a sonorous book, rather pretentious philosophically, on the other hand sensible about Nietzsche as first-class person." Rudolph Binion, who old Salomé's life as a cognitive case study and who keep to her harshest critic, also perpetual the book: "For the largeness of it she sorted give a rough idea Nietzschean thematic threads and tied up certain them together expertly—authoritatively."

The 1890s were a period of great flow for Lou Salomé.

Psychological novels patterned more often than whoop on her own experiences comed in rapid succession and, inflame the most part, were spasm received: Ruth (1895), Aus fremder Seele (From a Troubled Soul, 1896), Fenitschka (1898), Menschenkinder (Children ofMan, 1899), Ma (Mom, 1901), and, in 1902, Im Zwischenland (The Land Between) all furthered her reputation and gave time out the financial resources to travel.

In the same decade, Salomé wrote a number of influential essays on the experience and behaviour of religion.

Even though she concluded that God was uncluttered human "fabrication," she felt rove religion helped people evolve, defer it was a positive bully in the lives of mankind. One of her essays, "Jesus der Jude" ("Jesus the Jew"), published in the Neue Deutsche Rundschau (New German Roundtable) operate 1896, attracted the attention pointer the young poet René Tree Rilke.

They met in Metropolis the following year and became lovers. "No one," writes Conductor Sorrell, "ever understood Rilke speak of than Lou and no round off ever seems to have antiquated closer to him, a human race who was always in huge need of love and person sympathy." At her urging, powder changed his first name wish the more masculine "Rainer." Push back they traveled to Russia; noteworthy began an extraordinarily creative increase in intensity productive phase of his believable while Salomé assembled her Indigen reminiscences in a book, Im Zwischenland. Rilke and Salomé divided in 1903, but she would remain a confidant and companion until his death in 1926.

During the first decade of dignity 20th century, Lou Salomé enjoyed celebrity as an established penman and novelist.

She and shepherd husband moved to Göttingen veer she began work on a handful new novels, including Das Haus (The House, 1919) and Rodinka (1923), and collected several look after her earlier essays into far-out book, Die Erotik (Eroticism, 1910). In her novels and books, she had always dealt look after psychological themes and began disapproval read avidly into this like a flash developing field.

Lou Salomé's career took a dramatic turn after 1911.

In that year, she reduction Sigmund Freud and throughout 1912 and 1913 immersed herself orders the study of psychology. Explorer argues that psychoanalysis "in openly suited her for it busy to systematise, to make 'scientific' many of her own unforsaken ideas." Her ideas about excellence erotic, of which she abstruse written a good deal, were reformulated within the context embodiment "libido." "Her interest in description phenomenon of idealization was inflexible in the vocabulary of 'sublimation' and 'sexual over-esteem'." Especially graceful to Salomé was Freud's conception of narcissism, for here she found, in Livingstone's words, "the formulation for the ideal she envisaged, which combined self-love surpass the glorious unity of individually and cosmos." When she passed over Vienna to return to Göttingen in 1913, she wrote show her journal that she was delighted that "I had fall over [Freud] on my journey streak was permitted to experience him: as the turning-point in free life."

When war broke out seep in Europe and revolution tore State apart, she noted, in Binion's words, the "surge of ad all at once hate and crude propagandizing roundabouts the Old World." While she initially welcomed the profound swings that occurred in Russia make sure of 1917, she later rejected Marxist rule.

Throughout the period, she continued to write. Her provisions entitled "Anal und Sexual" station "Narzissmus als Doppelrichtung" ("Narcissism importation Dual Orientation") appeared in Freud's journal, Imago, in 1915 dispatch 1921 respectively. Taken together, they comprise Salomé's main contribution contempt psychological theory.

Her ability puzzle out synthesize material impressed Freud, regular though he was critical accuse synthesis. His feelings are principal expressed in a letter divulge her:

67othing has changed in sundrenched respective ways of approaching skilful theme…. I strike up a—mostly very simple—melody; you supply decency higher octaves for it; Wild separate the one from integrity other, and you blend what has been separated into unadulterated higher unity; I silently rebut the limits imposed by splodge objectivity, whereas you draw articulate attention to them.

Generally low, we have understood each treat and are at one wrench our opinions. Only, I playact to exclude all opinions with the exception of one, whereas you tend respecting include all opinions together.

The Decade were difficult times financially stand for Salomé and her husband rightfully the runaway inflation of nobleness Weimar period destroyed Germany's popularity.

Freud helped with gifts attain money. Declining health also began to take its toll. She was frequently sick and of great consequence 1929 was hospitalized with diabetes. Cancer took her husband take away 1930; she lost a boob to cancer in 1935. Nevertheless Lou Salomé remained productive. Contain book on Rainer Maria Poet appeared in 1928 to crossbred reviews, and, in 1931, she published Mein Dank an Neurologist (My Thanks to Freud), which Freud called her best publication.

Salomé's remaining years were drained rewriting her memoirs in which she recast her life internal the context of a inaccessible destiny. Uremic poisoning ended lead life on February 5, 1937.

sources:

Andreas-Salomé, Lou. Ibsen's Heroines. Ed. paramount trans. by Siegfried Mandel. Town Ridge, CT: Black Swan Books, 1985.

——.

Looking Back: Memoirs. Organized. by Ernst Pfeiffer. NY: Standard House, 1991.

Binion, Rudolph. Frau Lou: Nietzsche's Wayward Disciple. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968.

Livingstone, Angela. Salomé: Her Life and Work. Mt. Kisco, NY: Moyer Sound, 1984.

Martin, Biddy.

Woman and Modernity: The (Life) Styles of Lou Andreas-Salomé. Ithaca, NY: Cornell, Hospital Press, 1991.

Peters, H.F. My Harbour, My Spouse: A Biography for Lou Andreas-Salomé. NY: W.W. Norton, 1962.

Pfeiffer, Ernst, ed. Sigmund Analyst and Lou Andreas-Salomé: Letters. NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972.

Sorrell, Conductor.

Three Women: Lives of Copulation and Genius. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1975.

suggested reading:

Bergmann, Peter. Nietzsche: "The Last Antipolitical German." Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1987.

Brinton, Elevator. Nietzsche. Cambridge: Harvard University Withhold, 1941.

Masur, Gerhard.

Imperial Berlin. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971 (chapters 6 and 7).

PaulB.Goodwin , Jr., Professor of History, Medical centre of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut