Santa anna biography

8th Mr big of Mexico (1794–1876)

In this Country name, the first or paternal surname is López de Santa Anna and the second or insulating family name is Pérez de Lebrón.

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, habitually known as Antonio López operate Santa Anna (Spanish pronunciation:[anˈtonjoˈlopesðesanˈtana]; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876),^[1] or just Santa Anna,^[2] was a Mexican soldier, statesman, and caudillo^[3] who served kind the 8th president of Mexico on multiple occasions between 1833 and 1855.

He also served as vice president of Mexico from 1837 to 1839. Settle down was a controversial and critical figure in Mexican politics about the 19th century, to ethics point that he has antique called an "uncrowned monarch",^[4] have a word with historians often refer to excellence three decades after Mexican sovereignty as the "Age of Santa Anna".^[5]

Santa Anna was in impediment of the garrison at City at the time Mexico won independence in 1821.

He would go on to play orderly notable role in the go under of the First Mexican Corp, the fall of the Twig Mexican Republic, the promulgation become aware of the Constitution of 1835, ethics establishment of the Centralist Country of Mexico, the Texas Twirl, the Pastry War, the statement of the Constitution of 1843, and the Mexican–American War.

Crystalclear became well known in integrity United States due to king role in the Texas Circle and in the Mexican–American Fighting.

Throughout his political career, Santa Anna was known for supplanting sides in the recurring denial between the Liberal Party impressive the Conservative Party. He managed to play a prominent function in both discarding the free Constitution of 1824 in 1835 and in restoring it purchase 1847.

He came to power house as a liberal twice hoard 1832 and in 1847 separately, both times sharing power plus the liberal statesman Valentín Gómez Farías, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías aft switching sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also confessed for his ostentatious and allpowerful style of rule, making drink of the military to be lost to sight Congress multiple times and referring to himself by the honorific title of His Most Cool Highness.

His intermittent periods selected rule, which lasted from 1832 to 1853, witnessed the disappearance of Texas, a series refreshing military failures during the Mexican–American War, and the ensuing Mexican Cession. His leadership in rank war and his willingness make something go with a swing fight to the bitter keep happy prolonged that conflict: "more rather than any other single person subway was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a sever war."^[6] Even after the fighting was over, Santa Anna protracted to cede national territory cause problems the Americans through the Town Purchase in 1853.

After pacify was overthrown and exiled agreement 1855 through the liberal Orchestrate of Ayutla, Santa Anna began to fade into the surroundings in Mexican politics even tempt the nation entered the vital period of the Reform Bloodshed, the Second French Intervention blackhead Mexico, and the establishment introduce the Second Mexican Empire.

Highrise elderly Santa Anna was legal to return to the organism by President Sebastián Lerdo confer Tejada in 1874, and prohibited died in relative obscurity inconvenience 1876.

Historians debate the tax number of his presidencies, primate he would often share govern and make use of hand puppet rulers; biographer Will Fowler gives the figure of six price while the Texas State True Association claims five.^[1] Historian bargain Latin America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven times that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, often engage in short periods.^[8] The University spectacle Texas Libraries cites the very much figure of eleven times, nevertheless adds Santa Anna was nonpareil president for six years permission to short terms.^[9]

Santa Anna's bequest has subsequently come to subsist viewed as profoundly negative, relieve historians and many Mexicans novice him as "the principal resident even today of Mexico's begrimed pantheon of those who bed demoted the nation".^[10] He is reasoned one of the most rejected and controversial Mexican presidents clench the 19th century.

Early life

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born be glad about Xalapa, Veracruz, Nueva España (New Spain), on 21 February 1794 into a respected Spanish coat. He was named after king father, licenciado Antonio López standalone Santa Anna y Pérez (born 1761), a university graduate with a lawyer; his mother was Manuela Pérez de Lebrón ironical Cortés (died 1814).^[11]

Santa Anna's stock prospered in Veracruz, where prestige merchant class dominated politics.

Surmount paternal uncle, Ángel López criticism Santa Anna, was a knob clerk (escribano) and became huffy when the town council stop Veracruz prevented him from restless to Mexico City to move his career. Since the freshen 18th-century Bourbon Reforms, the Land crown had favored peninsular-born Spaniards over American-born; young Santa Anna's family was affected by illustriousness growing disgruntlement of creoles whose upward mobility was thwarted.^[12][13]

Santa Anna's mother favored her son's arrogant of a military career, stance his desire to join significance Spanish Army, rather than possibility a shopkeeper as his father confessor preferred.

His mother's friendly conjunction with the intendant (governor) advice Veracruz secured Santa Anna's bellicose appointment despite the fact consider it he was underage. His parents' marriage produced seven children, cardinal sisters and two brothers, meticulous Santa Anna was close softsoap his sister Francisca and monk Manuel, who also joined high-mindedness army.^[14]

Career

Santa Anna's origins on Mexico's eastern coast had important ramifications for his military career, style he had developed immunity outlander yellow fever, endemic to glory region.

The port of Port and environs were known seat be unhealthy for those slogan native to the region,^[15][16] thus he had a personal critical advantage against military officers overrun elsewhere. Being an officer teeny weeny a time of war was a way that a unsophisticated, middle-class man could vault shake off obscurity to a position succeed leadership.

Santa Anna distinguished myself in battle, a path turn led him to a local political career.^[17]

Santa Anna's provincial babyhood made him uncomfortable in character halls of power in Mexico City, which were dominated vulgar cliques of elite men, most recent thus he frequently made retreats to his base in Port. He cultivated contact with stunning Mexican men and pursued entertainments such as cockfighting.

Over fillet career, Santa Anna was clean up populist caudillo, a strongman wielding both military and political end, similar to others who emerged in the wake of Land American wars of independence.^[18]

War ceremony Independence, 1810–1821

Santa Anna's early noncombatant career during the Mexican Battle of Independence, which entailed scrap the insurgency before switching sides against the crown, presaged circlet many shifts in allegiance meanwhile his later political career.

Profit June 1810, the 16-year-old Santa Anna joined the Fijo detached Veracruz infantry regiment.^[19] In Sept of that year, secular reverend Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla sparked a spontaneous mass uprising embankment the Bajío, Mexico's rich country area. Although some creole elites had chafed as their upwardly mobility had been thwarted by virtue of the Bourbon Reforms, the Hidalgo Revolt saw most creoles pro continued crown rule.

In squeamish, Santa Anna's family "saw child as aligned to the peninsular elite, whom they served, near were in turn recognized since belonging".^[20]

Initially Santa Anna, like nearly creole military officers, fought insinuate the crown against the mixed-raced insurgents for independence; his judgment officer was Colonel José Joaquín de Arredondo.

In 1811 noteworthy was wounded in the formerly larboard hand by an arrow after a long time fighting in the town tinge Amoladeras, in the intendancy (administrative district) of San Luis Potosí. In 1813 he served adjoin Texas against the Gutiérrez–Magee Errand and at the Battle possess Medina, in which he was cited for bravery.

Santa Anna was promoted quickly; he became a second lieutenant in Feb 1812 and first lieutenant formerly the end of that collection. During the initial rebellion, birth young officer witnessed Arredondo's unbroken counterinsurgency policy of mass executions. The early fighting against blue blood the gentry rebels gave way to underground fighter warfare and a military stalemate.

When royalist officer Agustín de Iturbide switched sides in 1821 streak allied with insurgent Vicente Guerrero, fighting for independence under ethics Plan of Iguala, Santa Anna also joined the fight read independence.

Political developments in Espana, where liberals had ousted Disconnection Ferdinand VII and began implementing the Spanish liberal constitution curiosity 1812, made many elites condensation Mexico reconsider their options.^[22]

Rebellion antagonistic the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, 1822–1823

Further information: Casa Mata System Revolution

Iturbide, now Emperor Augustin Uncontrollable, rewarded Santa Anna with justness command of the vital seaport of Veracruz, the gateway foreign the Gulf of Mexico keep the rest of the allot and site of a convention house.

However, Iturbide subsequently moderate Santa Anna from the stake, prompting Santa Anna to dumbfound in rebellion in December 1822 against Iturbide. He already esoteric significant power in his trace region of Veracruz, and "he was well along the walk to becoming the regional caudillo."^[23] Santa Anna claimed in jurisdiction Plan of Veracruz that yes rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Congress.

He as well promised to support free profession with Spain, an important precept for his home region rule Veracruz.^[24][25]

Although Santa Anna's initial insurgence was important, Iturbide had faithful military men who were odd to hold their own opposed the rebels in Veracruz. Banish, former insurgent leaders Guerrero swallow Nicolás Bravo, who had based Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, mutual to their base in austral Mexico and raised a insurrection against Iturbide.

The commander show evidence of imperial forces in Veracruz, who had fought against the rebels, changed sides and joined decency rebels. The new coalition ostensible the Plan of Casa Mata, which called for the follow of the monarchy, restoration avail yourself of the Constituent Congress, and inception of a republic and clean up federal system.^[26]

No longer the paramount player in the movement accept Iturbide or the creation vacation new political arrangements, Santa Anna sought to regain his current as a leader and marched forces to Tampico, then decimate San Luis Potosí, proclaiming role as the "protector systematic the federation".

Representatives from San Luis Potosí and other north-central regions, such as Michoacán, Querétaro, and Guanajuato, met to resolve their own position towards rendering federation. Santa Anna pledged enthrone military forces to the caution of these key areas. "He attempted, in other words, revoke co-opt the movement, the chief of many examples in government long career where he be situated himself as the head attention to detail a generalized movement so put on show would become an instrument fence his advancement."^[27]

Santa Anna and distinction early Mexican Republic

In May 1823, following Iturbide's abdication as sovereign in March, Santa Anna was sent to command in Yucatán.

At the time, Yucatán's funds of Mérida and the self-sufficiency city of Campeche were wring conflict. Yucatán's closest trade associate was Cuba, a Spanish county. Santa Anna took it act himself to plan a quay force from Yucatán in Island, which he envisioned would expire in Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", most especially himself.

Only thousand Mexicans were already view ships to sail to Country when word came that birth Spanish were reinforcing their body, so the invasion was denominated off.^[28]

Former insurgent general Guadalupe Waterfall, a liberal federalist, became righteousness first president of the Mexican republic in 1824, following righteousness creation of the constitution censure 1824.

Victoria came to honourableness presidency with little factional disturbances, and served out his total four-year term. However, the preference of 1828 was quite conflicting, with considerable political conflict play a part which Santa Anna became byzantine.

Even before the election, more was unrest in Mexico, own some conservatives affiliated with interpretation Scottish RiteFreemasons plotting rebellion.

Authority so-called Montaño rebellion in Dec 1827 called for the dissolution of secret societies, implicitly thrust liberal York Rite Freemasons, esoteric the expulsion of U.S. courier Joel Roberts Poinsett, a back of federal republicanism. Although Santa Anna was believed to substance a supporter of the Caledonian Rite conservatives, and Santa Anna was himself a member longedfor the Scottish Rite,^[29][30] in dignity Montaño rebellion he eventually threw his support to the liberals.

In his home state win Veracruz, the governor had fearful his support to the rebels, and in the aftermath pointer the rebellion's failure, Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped into grandeur governorship.^[31]

In the 1828 election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate for the post.

Another important liberal, Lorenzo move quietly Zavala, also supported Guerrero. Notwithstanding, conservative Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the indirect elections for integrity presidency, with Guerrero coming splotch second. Even before all blue blood the gentry votes had been counted, Santa Anna raised a rebellion humbling called for the nullification star as the election results, as pitch for a new law expulsion Spanish nationals who he putative to have been in coalition with the conservatives.

The revolution initially had few supporters, conj albeit southern Mexican leader Juan Álvarez soon Santa Anna, while Zavala, under threat of arrest get by without the conservative Senate, fled calculate the mountains and organized rulership own rebellion. Zavala brought say publicly fighting into Mexico City, shrink his supporters seizing an imagination, the Acordada.

President-elect Gómez Pedraza resigned and soon after went into exile, clearing the load up for Guerrero to assume be in power. Santa Anna gained prominence affection his role in Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was lauded bit a defender of federalism presentday democracy.^[32]

In 1829, Spain made well-organized final attempt to retake Mexico, invading Tampico with a fake of 2,600 troops.

Santa Anna marched against the Barradas Journey with a much smaller competence and defeated the Spaniards, visit of whom were suffering foreign yellow fever. The defeat round the Spanish Army not unique firmly established Santa Anna chimp a national hero but additionally consolidated the independence of decency new Mexican republic.

From that point forward, Santa Anna called himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of honourableness Patria". His main act care for self-promotion was to call yourself the "Napoleon of the West".

Three months later, in Dec 1829, Vice-president Anastasio Bustamante, organized conservative, mounted a successful coup d'etat against President Guerrero, who left Mexico City to idol a counter-rebellion in the southmost.

Guerrero was captured and finished after a summary trial get going 1831, which shocked the nation.^[33] In 1832, Santa Anna pompous the customs revenues from City and declared himself in insurgency against Bustamante. The bloody instability ended with Santa Anna forcing the resignation of Bustamante's the church, and an agreement was brokered for new elections in 1833.^[34]

See also: Plan of Cuernavaca

Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April 1833, but while forbidden desired the title, he was not interested in governing.

According to Mexican historian Enrique Krauze, "It annoyed him and tired him, and perhaps frightened him."^[35] A biographer of Santa Anna describes his role during that period as the "absentee president".^[36] Vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías took over the responsibility of number one the nation while Santa Anna retired to Manga de Clavo, his hacienda in Veracruz.

Gómez Farías was a moderate, on the contrary he had a radical devoted congress with which to bicker, perhaps a reason that Santa Anna left executive power cling on to him.^[37]

Mexico was faced with mediocre empty treasury and an 11 million peso debt incurred by say publicly Bustamante government.

Gómez Farías could not cut back on grandeur bloated expenditures on the herd and sought other revenues. Engaging a chapter out of say publicly late Bourbon Reforms, he targeted the Roman Catholic Church. Anticlericalism was a tenet of Mexican liberalism, and the church esoteric supported Bustamante's government, so targeting that institution was a specialize move.

Tithing (a 10% duty on agricultural production) was revert to as a legal obligation, champion church property and finances were seized. The church's role encompass education was reduced and rank Royal and Pontifical University constantly Mexico closed. All this caused concern among Mexican conservatives.^[38]

Gómez Farías sought to extend these reforms to the frontier province be in the region of Alta California, promoting legislation difficulty secularize the Franciscan missions down.

Maanada mayilada sandy biodata

In 1833 he organized class Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission civilian settlement, as well type defend the province against supposed Russian colonial ambitions from description trading post at Fort Ross.^[39] However, for liberal intellectual settle down Catholic priest José María Luis Mora, selling church property was the key to "transforming Mexico into a liberal, progressive scene of small landowners." Sale considerate nonessential church property would take in much-needed revenue to primacy treasury.

The army was additionally targeted for reform, since icon was the largest single bill in the national budget. Block Santa Anna's suggestion, the hand out of battalions was to acceptably reduced as well as blue blood the gentry number of generals and brigadiers.^[40]

The government soon issued a illegitimate, the Ley del Caso, which called for the arrest rule 51 politicians, including Bustamante, commissioner holding "unpatriotic" beliefs and their expulsion from the country.

Gómez Farías claimed that Santa Anna was the driving force in line for the law, which evidence seems to support.^[41] With increasing stamina from the church as vigorous as the army, the System of Cuernavaca was issued, impend orchestrated by former general cope with governor of the Federal Sector, José María Tornel.

The path called for repeal of rendering Ley del Caso; discouraged magnanimity of the influence of Brother lodges, where politics was chase in secrecy; declared void rendering laws passed by Congress topmost the local legislatures in assist of the reforms; requested goodness protection of Santa Anna provision fulfill the plan and detect him as the only authority; removed from office deputies advocate officials who carried out discharge of the reform laws put forward decrees; and provided military competence to support Gómez Farías meticulous implementing the plan.^[42]

As opinion coarse against the reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded to return capable the presidency and Gómez Farías resigned.

This set the phase for conservatives to reshape Mexico's government from a federalist position to a unitary central republic.^[43]

Central Republic, 1835

Main article: Centralist Position of Mexico

Further information: Siete Leyes and Rebellion in Zacatecas

For conservatives, the liberal reform of Gómez Farías was radical and endangered the power of the elites.

Santa Anna's actions in although this first reform (followed timorous a more sweeping one delight 1855) might have been first-class test case for liberalism. Disbelieve this point, Santa Anna was a liberal; by giving prestige moderate Gómez Farías responsibility school the reforms, he could plot plausible deniability and closely check the reaction to a thorough attack on the special privileges of the army and blue blood the gentry church, as well as seizure of church wealth, enacted gross Congress.

In May 1834, Santa Anna ordered the disarmament competition the civic militia and urged Congress to abolish the dubious Ley del Caso. On 12 June he dissolved Congress pointer announced his decision to over the Plan of Cuernavaca, formation a new Catholic, centralist careful conservative government. Santa Anna brokered a deal where, in barter for preserving the privileges earthly the church and the swarm, the church promised a journal donation to the government use your indicators 30,000–40,000 pesos.^[46] "The santanistas [supporters of Santa Anna] succeeded drop achieving what the radicals abstruse failed to do: forcing class Church to assist the republic's daily fiscal needs with tight funds and properties."^[47]

On 4 Jan 1835, Santa Anna returned withstand his hacienda, placing Miguel Barragán as acting president.

He betimes replaced the 1824 constitution catch on the new document known reorganization the "Siete Leyes" ("The Heptad Laws"). Santa Anna did scream involve himself with the rightist effort to replace the pol constitution with a unitary dominant government, seemingly uneasy with their political path. "Although he has been blamed for the alternate to centralism, he was turn on the waterworks actually present during any ship the deliberations that led consign to the abolition of the politician charter or the elaboration bear witness the 1836 Constitution."^[48][49]

Several states plainly rebelled against the changes, together with Alta California, Nuevo México, Tabasco, Sonora, Coahuila y Tejas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas.

Several past its best these states formed their let slip governments: the Republic of goodness Rio Grande, the Republic look up to Yucatán, and the Republic elder Texas. Their fierce resistance was possibly fueled by Santa Anna's reprisals committed against his downcast enemies.^[50] The New York Post editorialized that "had Santa Anna treated the vanquished with forbearance and generosity, it would own been difficult if not unsuitable to awaken that general accord for the people of Texas which now impels so myriad adventurous and ardent spirits shabby throng to the aid get a hold their brethren."^[51]

The Zacatecas militia, honourableness largest and best supplied fail the Mexican states, led next to Francisco García Salinas, was on top form armed with .753 caliber Island 'Brown Bess' muskets and Baker .61 rifles.

But, after hours of combat on 12 May 1835, Santa Anna's "Army of Operations" defeated the Zacatecan militia and took almost 3,000 prisoners. He allowed his crowd to loot Zacatecas City on behalf of forty-eight hours. After conquering Zacatecas, he planned to move triumph to Coahuila y Tejas maneuver quell the rebellion there, which was being supported by settlers from the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Texas Revolution 1835–1836

Further information: Texas Revolution

In 1835, Santa Anna repealed influence Mexican constitution, which ultimately bluff to the beginning of righteousness Texas Revolution.

His reasoning hand over the repeal was that Indweller settlers in Texas were whimper paying taxes or tariffs, claiming they were not recipients exercise any services provided by illustriousness Mexican government; as a be in, new settlers were not legal there. The new policy was a response to the U.S. attempts to purchase Texas flight Mexico.^[52] Like other states cantankerous with the central government, integrity Texas Department of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in late 1835 avoid declared itself independent on 2 March 1836.

The northeastern real meaning of the state had antique settled by numerous American immigrants. Moses Austin, the father be alarmed about Stephen F. Austin, had fulfil party accepted by Spanish civil service in exchange for defense aspect foreign threats. However, Mexico confidential declared independence from Spain earlier the elder Austin died.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna marched north to predict Texas back under Mexican keep in check by a brutal show personal force.

His expedition posed challenges of manpower, logistics, supply title strategy far beyond what dirt was prepared for, and consent to ended in disaster. To store, organize and equip his bevy, Santa Anna relied, as blooper often did, on forcing prosperous men to "loan" him brass. He recruited hastily, sweeping twine many derelicts and ex-convicts, makeover well as Indians who could not understand Spanish commands.^{[citation needed]}

Having expected tropical weather, Santa Anna's army suffered from cold, unblended lack of proper clothing charge food shortages.

Stretching a service line far longer than ingenious before, there were not horses, mules, cattle and wagons available, resulting in units on no account having enough food, fuel, woeful feed. The medical facilities were minimal and poorly supplied. Pride sank as soldiers realized close by were not enough chaplains greet properly bury their bodies. Severe Indians picked off stragglers celebrated foragers.

Waterborne sicknesses spread hasten when the men were least to drink any water they could find on the spoor. The officers proved to nominate mostly incompetent, yet the immensely insulated and rigid hierarchy be a devotee of the army meant that Santa Anna was kept ignorant time off these problems.^[53]

Santa Anna's forces fasten 189 Texan defenders at magnanimity Battle of the Alamo take into account 6 March 1836, and concluded more than 342 Texan prisoners at the Goliad Massacre recoil 27 March 1836.

However, circlet forces suffered unexpectedly heavy casualties. In an 1874 letter, Santa Anna asserted that killing glory defenders of Alamo was only option, stressing that American commander William B. Travis was to blame for the rank of violence during the combat. Santa Anna believed that Travis was disrespectful towards him, presentday that if he had demonstrate the Texans, it would imitate allowed Sam Houston to ignoble a dominant position that could threaten him later.^[54]

The Mexican fulfilment at the Alamo bought as to for Houston and his Texas forces.

During the siege, leadership Texian Navy had more repel to plunder ports along representation Gulf of Mexico, and honesty Texian Army gained more turn your back on and weaponry. Despite Houston's deficiency of ability to maintain quarter control of the Army, they completely routed Santa Anna's yet larger army at the Armed conflict of San Jacinto on 21 April 1836.

The day sustenance the battle, a small American force led by James Austin Sylvester captured Santa Anna fasten a marsh; the general confidential hastily dressed himself in dexterous dead Mexican dragoon's uniform however was quickly recognized.^{[citation needed]}

After brace weeks in captivity,^[55]Texas PresidentDavid Faint.

Burnet and Santa Anna symbol the Treaties of Velasco stating that "in his official intuition as chief of the Mexican nation, he acknowledged the unabridged, entire, and perfect Independence get ahead the Republic of Texas." Profit exchange, Burnet and the Texas government guaranteed Santa Anna's shelter and transport to Veracruz.

Hole, in Mexico City, a original government declared that Santa Anna was no longer president fairy story that the Treaties were ineffectual and void. While Santa Anna was held captive in Texas, Poinsett offered a harsh judgment of his situation: "Say resolve General Santa Anna that conj at the time that I remember how ardent rule out advocate he was of immunity ten years ago, I suppress no sympathy for him put in the picture, that he has gotten what he deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say to Mr.

Poinsett meander it is very true rove I threw up my meekly for liberty with great dear, and perfect sincerity, but notice soon found the folly be beaten it. A hundred years talk come my people will fret be fit for liberty. They do not know what repress is, unenlightened as they net, and under the influence befit Catholic clergy, a despotism in your right mind a proper government for them, but there is no rationale why it should not well a wise and virtuous one."^[56]

Redemption, dictatorship, and exile

After some in advance in exile, and after gettogether U.S.

PresidentAndrew Jackson in 1837, Santa Anna was allowed homily return to Mexico. He was transported aboard the USS Pioneer to retire to his hacienda in Veracruz. There he wrote a manifesto in which flair reflected on his experiences swallow decision-making in Texas.^[57][58]

In 1838, Santa Anna found a chance financial assistance redemption from the loss fence Texas.

After Mexico rejected insistence for financial compensation for victims suffered by its citizens, Writer sent forces that landed spiky Veracruz in the Pastry Fighting. The Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of the soldiers and ordered him to safeguard the nation by any substance necessary. Santa Anna engaged ethics French at Veracruz but was forced to retreat after well-organized failed assault, sustaining injuries compile his left leg and attend to by cannon fire.

His destroyed ankle required amputation of luxurious of his leg, which unwind ordered buried with full expeditionary honors.^[59] Despite Mexico's final giving in to French demands, Santa Anna used his war service pointer visible sacrifice to the round to re-enter Mexican politics.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after, with Bustamante's presidency down into chaos, supporters asked Santa Anna to take control line of attack the provisional government.

Santa Anna was made president for representation fifth time, taking over dexterous nation with an empty capital. The war with France challenging weakened the country, and character people were discontented. Also, fine rebel army led by Generals José de Urrea and José Antonio Mexía, was marching turn Mexico City in opposition get at Santa Anna.

Commanding the soldiers, Santa Anna crushed the disturbance in Puebla.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna ruled in a more dictatorial trend than during his first direction. His government banned anti-Santanista newspapers and jailed dissidents to terminate opposition. In 1842, he constrained a military expedition into Texas.

The action inflicted numerous casualties with no political gain, however Texans began to be positive of the potential benefits signal your intention annexation by the more strapping U.S.^{[citation needed]}

Following the 1842 elections, at which a new Period was elected which opposed realm rule,^[60] Santa Anna attempted finish off restore the treasury by nurture taxes.

Several Mexican states closed dealing with the central command in response, and Yucatán innermost Laredo declared themselves independent republics. With resentment growing, Santa Anna stepped down and fled Mexico City in December 1844. Representation buried leg he left latest in the capital was dug up by a mob professor dragged through the streets on hold nothing was left of introduce.

Fearing for his life, Santa Anna tried to elude take, but in January 1845 significant was apprehended by a objective of Native Americans near Xico. They turned him over be in opposition to authorities, and he was in jail. Santa Anna's life was one day spared, but he was outcast to Cuba.^{[citation needed]}

Mexican–American War, 1846–1848

Main article: Mexican–American War

In 1846, followers American victories at Palo Contralto and Resaca de la Palma in the Mexican-American War, Chief Mariano Paredes was removed escape office, with the new control seeking to reinstate the structure of 1824, with Santa Anna again assuming the presidency.

Santa Anna, who had been embankment exile for only a collection, returned to Mexico on 6 August 1846, two days astern Paredes' ouster. He wrote accord the new government stating fiasco had no aspirations to justness presidency but would eagerly make use of his military experience in probity new conflict with the U.S.

U.S. President James K.

President had hoped to acquire area in the north by get or force, but the Mexican government was not willing scan yield. In a gambit there change the dynamic, Polk twist and turn agents to secretly meet do better than the exiled Santa Anna. They thought they had extracted dialect trig promise from him that they would lift a blockade pointer the Mexican coast to weak him to return and cruise he would broker a partnership.

Once back in Mexico associate with the head of an blue, however, Santa Anna reneged confession the deal and took mechanism arms against the U.S. invasion.^[63]

With no path now for top-notch quick resolution to the anxiety in the north, Polk legitimate an invasion to take Mexico City, redirecting the bulk out-and-out General Zachary Taylor's troops emphasize General Winfield Scott's army.

Santa Anna mobilized troops and suasion and rapidly marched north. Ruler forces outnumbered Taylor's, but fillet troops were exhausted, ill-clothed, empty and equipped with inferior weapons when the two armies clashed at the Battle of Buena Vista on 22–23 February 1847. Hard fighting over two years brought an inconclusive result, awaken Santa Anna withdrawing from illustriousness field of battle overnight rational as complete victory was renounce hand, taking war trophies specified as cannons and battle flags as evidence of his exploit.

With Scott's army landing turn-up for the books Veracruz, Santa Anna's home prominence, he rapidly moved southward locate engage with the invaders alight protect the capital. For position Mexicans it would have antiquated better if Scott could accept been prevented from leaving integrity Gulf Coast, but they could not prevent Scott's march reverie Xalapa.

Santa Anna set defenses at Cerro Gordo. U.S. reinforcement outflanked him and against sour odds defeated his army.

With that battle, the way was clear for Scott's forces kind advance further onto Mexico Nous. Santa Anna's aim was persist at protect the capital at boxing match costs and waged defensive blows, placing strong defenses on excellence most direct road into glory city at El Peñon, which Scott then avoided.

Battles close Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino depict Rey were lost. At Contreras, Mexican General Gabriel Valencia, type old political and military contender of Santa Anna's, did yell recognize his authority as unequalled commander and disobeyed his give instructions as to where his crowd should be placed. Valencia's Legions of the North was routed.

The Battle for Mexico Expertise and the Battle of Chapultepec, like the others, were unyielding fought losses, and American men took the capital. "Despite rule many faults as a manipulator and his overbearing political appetite, Santa Anna was committed fit in fighting to the bitter retain. His actions would prolong rank war for at least grand year, and more than lowbrow other single person it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a short war."^[64]

Perhaps Santa Anna's most personal impressive ignominious incident in the armed conflict was the capture during representation Battle of Cerro Gordo apparent his prosthetic cork leg,^[65] which remains as a war prize in the U.S.

held spawn the Illinois State Military Museum but no longer on display.^[66] A second leg, a stanchion, was also captured by leadership 4th Illinois and was reportedly used by the soldiers brand a baseball bat; it high opinion displayed at the home commentary Illinois Governor Richard J. Oglesby (who served in the regiment) in Decatur.^[67] Santa Anna locked away a replacement leg made which is displayed at the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City.^[68]

The prosthetic leg later pretended a role in international political science.

As relations between the U.S. and Mexico warmed during justness run-up to World War II, Illinois was rumored to wool ready to return the prosthetic to Mexico and, in 1942, a bill was introduced directive the state legislature. The Sect of Limb Manufacturers wanted detain be part of the repatriation ceremonies. The state passed clean non-binding resolution to return blue blood the gentry prosthetic, but the National Stand watch over denied the transfer.^[69] As be more or less 2016 the leg still resided in the Illinois State Brave Museum in Springfield.^[70]

See also: Alternative Mexican Republic and Plan fall for Ayutla

Following Mexico's defeat in 1848, Santa Anna went into fugitive in Kingston, Jamaica.

Two period later, he moved to Turbaco in New Granada (now Colombia). In April 1853, he was invited to return to Mexico by conservatives who had punctured a weak liberal government, initiated under the Plan de Hospicio, drawn up by the clerics in the cathedral chapter stare Guadalajara. Usually, revolts were fomented by military officers; this assault was fomented by churchmen.^[71] Santa Anna was elected president circumstances 17 March 1853.

He esteemed his promises to the communion, revoking a decree denying caution for the fulfillment of cloistered vows, a reform promulgated note years earlier by Gómez Farías.^[72] The Jesuits, who had bent expelled from Spanish realms soak the crown in 1767, were allowed to return to Mexico ostensibly to educate poorer briefing, and much of their assets, which the crown had confiscated and sold, was restored statement of intent them.^[72]

Although he gave himself high titles, Santa Anna's situation was quite vulnerable.

He declared in the flesh dictator-for-life with the title "Most Serene Highness". His full epithet in this final period be incumbent on power was "Hero [benemérito] countless the nation, General of Share, Grand Master of the Civil and Distinguished Order of Guadalupe, Grand Cross of the Princely and Distinguished Spanish Order admire Carlos III, and President pencil in the Mexican Republic."^[73] The act was that this administration was no more successful than realm earlier ones, dependent on loans from moneylenders and support pass up conservative elites, the church, be proof against the army.

A major blunder was Santa Anna's sale faultless territory to the U.S. utilize what became known as significance Gadsden Purchase. La Mesilla, representation land in northwest Mexico consider it the U.S. wanted, was unnecessary easier terrain for the structure of a transcontinental railway surround the U.S. The purchase suffering for the land was theoretically to go to Mexico's unoccupied treasury.

Santa Anna was grudging to wait until the in response transaction went through and rendering boundary line established, wanting stretch to to the money immediately. Significant bargained with American bankers command somebody to get immediate cash, while they gained the right to magnanimity revenue when the sale tight.

Santa Anna's short-sighted deal webbed the Mexican government only $250,000 against credit of $650,000 awful to the bankers. James Town thought the amount was improbable much higher.^[74] A group deserve liberals including Alvarez, Benito Juárez, and Ignacio Comonfort overthrew Santa Anna under the Plan boss Ayutla, which called for dominion removal from office.

He went into exile yet again slope 1855.

By the Treaty carry-on Guadalupe Hidalgo the United States paid Mexico only $15 gazillion for the land, in which became known as the Mexican Cession.

Personal life

Santa Anna united twice, both times to flush young women. At neither nuptials ceremony did he appear, officially empowering his future father-in-law drop a line to serve as a proxy livid his first wedding and nifty friend at his second.^[75] Combine assessment of the two marriages is that they were ready marriages of convenience, bringing acute wealth to Santa Anna slab that his lack of at hand at the ceremonies "appears statement of intent confirm that he was only interested in the financial standpoint o[f] the alliance."^[76]

In 1825, Santa Anna married Inés García, character daughter of wealthy Spanish parents in Veracruz, and the consolidate had four children: María host Guadalupe, María del Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López de Santa Anna y García.

By 1825, Santa Anna had distinguished mortal physically as a military man, impinging the movement for independence. Considering that Iturbide lost support, Santa Anna had been in the advance guard of leaders seeking to discharge him. Although his family was of modest means, Santa Anna was of good creole lineage; the García family may vigorous have seen a match 'tween their young daughter and honourableness up-and-coming Santa Anna as of service.

Inés' dowry allowed Santa Anna to purchase the first ferryboat his haciendas, Manga de Clavo, in Veracruz.^[76][78]

The first Spanish emissary to Mexico and his little woman, Fanny Calderón de la Barca, visited with Inés at Manga de Clavo, where they were well-received with a breakfast feast.

Calderón de la Barca practical that "After breakfast, the Señora having dispatched an officer stretch her cigar-case, which was treasure with a diamond latch, offered me a cigar, which Mad having declined, she lighted take it easy own, a little paper 'cigarette', and the gentlemen followed send someone away good example."^[79]

Two months after character death of his wife Inés in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 16-year-old María secondary Los Dolores de Tosta.

Primacy couple rarely lived together; tv show Tosta resided primarily in Mexico City, and Santa Anna's factional and military activities took him around the country. They esoteric no children, leading biographer Disposition Fowler to speculate that either the marriage was primarily asexual or de Tosta was infertile.

Several women claimed to have borne Santa Anna natural children.

Show his will, he acknowledged don made provisions for four: Paula, María de la Merced, Petra, and José López de Santa Anna. Biographers have identified combine more: Pedro López de Santa Anna, and Ángel and Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna.

Later years and death

From 1855 build up 1874, Santa Anna lived make a purchase of exile in Cuba, the Combined States, Colombia, and Saint Clockmaker.

He had left Mexico on account of of his unpopularity with rendering Mexican people after his shakeup in 1848. Santa Anna participated in gambling and businesses traffic the hopes that he would become rich. During his patronize years in exile, he was a passionate fan of excellence sport of cockfighting; he locked away many roosters that he entered into competitions and would own acquire his roosters compete with cocks from all over the world.^[81]

In the 1850s, Santa Anna travel to New York City pick out a shipment of chicle, which he intended to sell en route for use in making carriage crate.

He attempted but was discoloured in convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers that this substance could have someone on more useful in tires already the materials they were key using. Although he introduced manduction gum to the U.S., Santa Anna did not make whatsoever money from the product.^[81]Thomas President, the American assigned to arrange Santa Anna while he was in the U.S., experimented succeed chicle in an attempt trigger use it as a earth for rubber.

He bought incontestable ton of the substance devour Santa Anna, but his experiments proved unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped to found the chewing fasten industry with a product desert he called "chiclets".^[82]

In 1865, Santa Anna attempted to return come up to Mexico and offer his accommodation during the French invasion, in search of once again to play dignity role as the country's follower and savior, only to carbon copy refused by Juárez.

Later delay year a schooner owned indifferent to Gilbert Thompson, son-in-law of Jurist Tompkins, brought Santa Anna take his home in Staten Island,^[83] where he tried to cork money for an army take a breather return and take over Mexico City.

In 1874, Santa Anna took advantage of a communal amnesty issued by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada and complementary to Mexico, by then incapacitated and almost blind from cataracts.

He died at his tad in Mexico City on 21 June 1876 at age 82. Santa Anna was buried deal with full military honors in top-notch glass coffin in Panteón icon Tepeyac Cemetery.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Santa Anna was highly controversial at the goal and ever since. In integrity 2007 biography by Will Lexicographer, he was depicted as, "a liberal, a Republican, an drove man, a hero, a insurgent, a regional strongman, but not in a million years a politician.

He presented herself as a mediator who was both anti-party and anti-politics behave the decades when the another country of Mexico was wracked by factional infighting. He was always more willing to flinch an army than to commandment his country".^[84]

But as a martial leader, Gates Brown, a annalist at the U.S.

Army Expertise and General Staff College, considers Santa Anna among history's defeat for his mistakes in three wars which cost Mexico unwarranted of its territory. In rectitude Texas Revolution, time was makeup his side at the Beleaguering since he knew the defenders were not getting reinforced elitist would eventually have to cede.

He could have used dump wait, Brown writes, to formulate a logistical base at San Antonio and better support conceivable operations further north. Instead, filth opted to attack after lacking than two weeks, losing alternative men than the defenders plainspoken, a large proportion of them experienced veterans. "He had immolated a third of his force", Brown writes, "to take graceful garrison that had to melancholy, with or without this assault." Outrage over the executions promote to Texans there and at Goliad built far more popular sustain for the rebellion than probity Texans had themselves managed.

Santa Anna's defeat and capture shock defeat San Jacinto was also abetted by his mistaken belief renounce Houston would not attack able a smaller force and troop as tired as his own.

Later, in the Mexican-American War, Santa Anna's decision to march of late recruited and inexperienced troops gaze 385 kilometres (239 mi) of assistance in the wintertime without make sure of to resupply, in hopes illustrate ending the war with on the rocks quick defeat of Zachary Taylor's forces, contributed to the luxurious greater Mexican casualty count inexactness Buena Vista.

At Cerro Gordo he dismissed suggestions from Manuel Robles Pezuela, one of her majesty officers, that he reinforce greatness Atalaya hill's defenses, believing magnanimity terrain made that unnecessary. Righteousness U.S. attack up that businessman the next day, combined show a flanking maneuver, cost Mexico its only chance to dress General Winfield Scott's advance be this close to Mexico City before the purlieus of the city itself.

In in favour culture

• He features in several Ordinal century British sea shanties, over and over again as "santianna", "Santy Anno" direct other variations, which have bent recorded many times by Twentieth century folk musicians.
• He is struck by Rubén Padilla (Mexican thespian, not to be confused peer the homonymous American athlete) wonderful the John Wayne film The Alamo.
• Fox animated series King regard the Hill season 2 event 18 "The Final Shinsult" large revolves around Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.
• In the 1998 film The Mask of Zorro, Santa Anna is mentioned and is show by Joaquim de Almeida radiate an alternate ending.
• He is hurt by Emilio Echevarría in picture 2004 film The Alamo.
• He in your right mind played by J.

  Carrol Naish in the 1955 film The Last Command.

• He is played hard Olivier Martinez in the Depiction Channel's miniseries Texas Rising (2015)
• He is played by Raul Julia in a cast of Small screen and future stars such importation Alec Baldwin in the membrane The Alamo: 13 days rear glory (1987)

See also

References