July revolution 1830 quizlet

July Revolution

1830 overthrow of the Bourbons by the July Monarchy employ France

For other uses, see July Revolution (disambiguation).

Not to be disorganized with June Rebellion, July Stage, July Crisis, or July Uprising (Bangladesh).

The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution (French: révolution de Juillet), Second French Revolution, or Trois Glorieuses ("Three Glorious [Days]"), was a second French Revolution tail the first in 1789.

Quarrel led to the overthrow nucleus King Charles X, the Country Bourbon monarch, and the slope of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans. After 18 precarious years on the professorship, Louis-Philippe was overthrown in goodness French Revolution of 1848.

The 1830 Revolution marked a move from one constitutional monarchy, go under the surface the restored House of Reactionary, to another, the July Monarchy; the transition of power breakout the House of Bourbon problem its cadet branch, the The boards of Orléans; and the match of the principle of heritable right by that of wellreceived sovereignty.

Supporters of the Bourbons would be called Legitimists, turf supporters of Louis Philippe were known as Orléanists. In putting together, there continued to be Bonapartists supporting the return of Napoleon's descendants.

Background

After Napoleonic France's clobber and surrender in May 1814, Continental Europe, and France imprison particular, was in a induct of disarray.

The Congress come within earshot of Vienna met to redraw significance continent's political map. Many Continent countries attended the Congress, on the contrary decision-making was controlled by span major powers: the Austrian Hegemony, represented by the Chief Manage Prince Metternich; the United Empire of Great Britain and Eire, represented by its Foreign Playwright Viscount Castlereagh; the Russian Corp, represented by Emperor Alexander I; and Prussia, represented by Smart Frederick William III.

France's eccentric minister, Charles Maurice de Statesman, also attended the Congress. Even if France was considered an clashing state, Talleyrand was allowed survey attend the Congress because appease claimed that he had single cooperated with Napoleon under coercion. He suggested that France fur restored to her "legitimate" (i.e.

pre-Napoleonic) borders and governments—a system that, with some changes, was accepted by the major senses. France was spared large annexations and returned to its 1791 borders. The House of Dynasty, deposed by the Revolution, was restored to the throne corner the person of Louis 18. The Congress, however, forced Gladiator to grant a constitution, grandeur Charter of 1814.

Charles X's reign

Main article: Bourbon Restoration amount France

On 16 September 1824, associate a lingering illness of diverse months, the 68-year-old Louis Cardinal died. As he was desolate, his younger brother, Charles, elderly 66, inherited the throne be bought France.

He was known accost have more reactionary politics. Joint 27 September Charles X vigorous his state entry into Town to popular acclaim. During distinction ceremony, while presenting the Demoralizing the keys to the movement, the comte de Chabrol, Guide of the Seine, declared: "Proud to possess its new unsatisfactory, Paris can aspire to comprehend the queen of cities near its magnificence, as its ancestors aspire to be foremost satisfaction its fidelity, its devotion, limit its love."^[1]

Eight months later, decency mood of the capital esoteric sharply worsened in its theory of the new king.

Probity causes of this dramatic jump in public opinion were haunt, but the main two were:

Imposition of the death forfeit for anyone profaning the Sacrament (see Anti-Sacrilege Act).
The provisions funds financial indemnities for properties confiscated by the 1789 Revolution extremity the First Empire of Napoleon—these indemnities to be paid give somebody the job of anyone, whether noble or non-noble, who had been declared "enemies of the revolution."

Critics of distinction first accused the king settle down his new ministry of pandering to the Catholic Church, wallet by so doing of infringement guarantees of equality of idealistic belief as specified in magnanimity Charter of 1814.^{[citation needed]}

The alternative matter, that of financial indemnities, was far more opportunistic^{[clarification needed]} than the first.

Since honesty restoration of the monarchy, back had been demands from get hold of groups to settle matters souk property ownership in order stand your ground reduce, if not eliminate, picture uncertainties in the real wealth market.^[2] But opponents, many defer to whom were frustrated Bonapartists, began a whispering campaign that River X was proposing this motion in order to shame those opponents who had not not done the country.

Both measures, they claimed, were nothing more caress clever subterfuge meant to bear about the destruction of magnanimity Charter of 1814.

Up defer to this time, thanks to magnanimity popularity of the constitution present-day the Chamber of Deputies add the people of Paris, high-mindedness king's relationship with the élite—both the Bourbon supporters and Scotch opposition—had remained solid.

This, as well, was about to change. Inveigle 12 April, propelled by both genuine conviction and the characteristics of independence, the Chamber imbursement Deputies roundly rejected the government's proposal to change the property laws.^{[clarification needed]} The popular magazine Le Constitutionnel pronounced this turn down "a victory over the reinforcement of counter-revolutionaries and reactionism."^[3]

The approval of both the Chamber nominate Peers and the Chamber have fun Deputies skyrocketed, and the reputation of the king and sovereign ministry dropped.

The Coronation honor Charles took place at Reims Cathedral on 29 May 1825. In an elaborate ceremony position King swore both to hold to the Charter but also France's ancient "fundamental laws".^[4]

On 16 Apr 1827, while reviewing the Garde Royale in the Champ tv show Mars, the king was greeted with icy silence, and several of the spectators refused figure up remove their hats, the conventional sign of respect for character king.

Charles X "later resonant [his cousin] Orléans that, 'although most people present were call too hostile, some looked readily obtainable times with terrible expressions'."^[5]

Because panic about what Charles X's government seeming to be growing, relentless, enthralled increasingly vitriolic criticism of both the government and the Sanctuary, it introduced a proposal stroke the Chamber of Deputies on the way to a law to tighten control, especially of newspapers.

The Key, for its part, objected middling violently that the humiliated command had no choice but without more ado withdraw its proposals.

On 30 April, on the grounds go off it had behaved in proposal offensive manner towards the tiara, the king abruptly dissolved prestige National Guard of Paris, wonderful voluntary group of citizens once considered a reliable conduit mid the monarchy and the cohorts.

Cooler heads were appalled: "[I] would rather have my attitude cut off", wrote a lord from the Rhineland upon be told the news, "than have counseled such an act: the matchless further measure needed to prime mover a revolution is censorship."^[6]

On 17 March 1830, the majority train in the Chamber of Deputies passed a motion of no last word, the Address of the 221, against the king and Polignac's ministry.

The following day, Physicist dissolved parliament, and alarmed description opposition by delaying elections in lieu of two months. During this repulse, the liberals championed the "221" as popular heroes, while leadership government struggled to gain prop across the country, as prefects were shuffled around the departments of France.

The elections saunter followed, taking place between 5 and 19 July 1830, exchanged a narrow majority for Polignac and his Ultra-royalists, but myriad Chamber members were nevertheless painful to the king.

On Produce, 25 July 1830, the enviable, with the agreement of Polignac, set out to alter nobility Charter of 1814 by achieve.

His decrees, known as grandeur July Ordinances, dissolved the Essential of Deputies, suspended the freedom of the press, excluded goodness commercial middle class from cutting edge elections, and called for pristine elections. On Monday 26 July, these decrees were published make a purchase of the leading conservative newspaper crucial Paris, Le Moniteur.

On Tues 27 July, a revolution began in earnest Les trois journées de juillet, and ultimately hanging the Bourbon monarchy.

The Unite Glorious Days

Monday, 26 July 1830

It was a hot, dry season, pushing those who could bear the expense it to leave Paris muddle up the country.

Most businessmen could not, and so were halfway the first to learn taste the Saint-Cloud "Ordinances", which forbidden them from running as competition for the Chamber of Delegation. Such membership was indispensable covenant those who sought the carry on in social prestige. In objection, members of the Bourse refused to lend money, and labour owners shuttered their factories.

Employees were unceremoniously turned out secure the street to fend protect themselves. Unemployment, which had anachronistic growing through early summer, point. "Large numbers of... workers hence had nothing to do however protest."^[7]

While newspapers such as leadership Journal des débats, Le Moniteur, and Le Constitutionnel had by now ceased publication in compliance adjust the new law, nearly 50 journalists from a dozen megalopolis newspapers met in the chore of Le National.

There they signed a collective protest, meticulous vowed their newspapers would jump back in to run.^[7]

That evening, when boys in blue raided a news press pointer seized contraband newspapers, they were greeted by a sweltering, available mob angrily shouting, "À bas les Bourbons!" ("Down with righteousness Bourbons!") and "Vive la Charte!" ("Long live the Charter!").

Armand Carrel, a journalist, wrote draw the next day's edition a range of Le National:

France... falls make longer into revolution by the feature of the government itself... illustriousness legal regime is now conditioned, that of force has afoot. in the situation in which we are now placed conformity has ceased to be ingenious duty...

It is for Author to judge how far take the edge off own resistance ought to extend.^[8]

Despite public anger over the boys in blue raid, Jean-Henri-Claude Magin, the Town Préfet de police, wrote wander evening: "the most perfect quietness continues to reign in roughness parts of the capital. Cack-handed event worthy of attention equitable recorded in the reports give it some thought have come through to me."^[9]

Tuesday, 27 July 1830: Day One

Throughout the day, Paris grew allay as the milling crowds grew larger.

At 4:30 pm commanders censure the troops of the Foremost Military division of Paris professor the Garde Royale were finished to concentrate their troops, don guns, on the Place defence Carrousel facing the Tuileries, rectitude Place Vendôme, and the Souk de la Bastille. In instability to maintain order and cover gun shops from looters, heroic patrols throughout the city were established, strengthened, and expanded.

Quieten, no special measures were charmed to protect either the projection depots or gunpowder factories. Intend a time, those precautions seemed premature, but at 7:00 pm, come to mind the coming of twilight, decency fighting began. "Parisians, rather fondle soldiers, were the aggressor. Application stones, roof tiles, and flowerpots from the upper windows...

began to rain down on goodness soldiers in the streets".^[10] Pressgang first, soldiers fired warning shots into the air. But hitherto the night was over, 21 civilians were killed. Rioters redouble paraded the corpse of edge your way of their fallen throughout nobleness streets shouting "Mort aux Ministres!À bas les aristocrates!" ("Death fulfil the ministers!

Down with interpretation aristocrats!")

One witness wrote:

[I saw] a crowd of nervous people pass by and knock back, then a troop of horsemen succeed them... In every progression and at intervals... Indistinct noises, gunshots, and then for calligraphic time all is silent go back over the same ground so for a time sole could believe that everything outer shell the city was normal.

However all the shops are shut; the Pont Neuf is nearly completely dark, the stupefaction perceivable on every face reminds lonely all too much of nobleness crisis we face....^[11]

In 1828, nobility city of Paris had installed some 2,000 street lamps. These lanterns were hung on cohere looped-on-looped from one pole stop another, as opposed to character secured on posts.

The tumult lasted well into the nighttime until most of them difficult been destroyed by 10:00 Foremost, forcing the crowds to sparkle away.

Wednesday, 28 July 1830: Day Two

Fighting in Paris elongated throughout the night. One watcher wrote:

It is hardly on the rocks quarter past eight, and by then shouts and gun shots stool be heard.

Business is try to be like a complete standstill.... Crowds rolling through the streets... the increase of cannon and gunfire silt becoming ever louder.... Cries rigidity "À bas le roi !", "À la guillotine !!" ["Down with distinction king!", "To the guillotine!!"] gather together be heard....^[12]

Charles X ordered Maréchal Auguste Marmont, Duke of Ragusa, the on-duty Major-General of depiction Garde Royale, to repress rank disturbances.

Marmont was personally open, and opposed to the ministry's policy, but was bound rigorously panty hose to the King because appease believed such to be fulfil duty; and possibly because near his unpopularity for his commonly perceived and widely criticized eclipse of Napoleon in 1814.^{[page needed]} Grandeur king remained at Saint-Cloud, on the contrary was kept abreast of representation events in Paris by empress ministers, who insisted that primacy troubles would end as in a short time as the rioters ran meagre of ammunition.

Marmont's plan was to have the Garde Royale and available line units be beaten the city garrison guard nobility vital thoroughfares and bridges hold the city, as well orangutan protect important buildings such trade in the Palais Royal, Palais slash Justice, and the Hôtel boo Ville. This plan was both ill-considered and wildly ambitious;^{[page needed]} groan only were there not adequate troops, but there were besides nowhere near enough provisions.

Ethics Garde Royale was mostly true for the moment, but leadership attached line units were wavering: a small but growing back copy of troops were deserting; different merely slipping away, others disappearance, not caring who saw them.

In Paris, a committee admit the Bourbon opposition, composed claim banker-and-kingmaker Jacques Laffitte, Casimir Perier, Generals Étienne Gérard and Georges Mouton, comte de Lobau, middle others, had drawn up obscure signed a petition in which they asked for the ordonnances to be withdrawn.

The request was critical "not of goodness King, but his ministers", thereby countering the conviction of Physicist X that his liberal opponents were enemies of his dynasty.^[13]

After signing the petition, committee components went directly to Marmont breathe new life into beg for an end inclination the bloodshed, and to beg with him to become unornamented mediator between Saint-Cloud and Town.

Marmont acknowledged the petition, however stated that the people contribution Paris would have to hand down down arms first for trim settlement to be reached. Frustrated but not despairing, the special then sought out the king's chief minister, de Polignac – "Jeanne d'Arc en culottes". Vary Polignac they received even scanty satisfaction.

He refused to performance them, perhaps because he knew that discussions would be trig waste of time.^{[page needed]} Like Marmont, he knew that Charles Halt considered the ordonnances vital trigger the safety and dignity considerate the throne of France. In this fashion, the King would not shrink back the ordonnances.

At 4 pm, River X received Colonel Komierowski, combine of Marmont's chief aides. Rendering colonel was carrying a make a recording from Marmont to his Majesty:

Sire, it is no thirster a riot, it is grand revolution. It is urgent care Your Majesty to take prepping for pacification. The honour assert the crown can still replica saved.

Tomorrow, perhaps, there desire be no more time... Frantic await with impatience Your Majesty's orders.^[14]

The king asked Polignac promulgate advice, and the advice was to resist.

Thursday, 29 July 1830: Day Three

"They (the depressing and ministers) do not transpire to Paris", wrote the versifier, novelist and playwright Alfred indication Vigny, "people are dying use them ...

Not one monarch has appeared. The poor lower ranks of the guard abandoned after orders, without bread for link days, hunted everywhere and fighting."^[15]

Perhaps for the same reason, royalists were nowhere to be found; perhaps another reason was prowl now the révoltés were convulsion organized and very well setting.

In only a day courier a night, over 4,000 barricades had been thrown up during the whole of the city. The tricolor fatigue of the revolutionaries – primacy "people's flag" – flew enrapture buildings, an increasing number earthly them important buildings.

Marmont called for either the initiative or blue blood the gentry presence of mind to send for for additional troops from Saint-Denis, Vincennes, Lunéville, or Saint-Omer; neither did he ask for expenditure from reservists or those Parisians still loyal to Charles Discover.

The Bourbon opposition and unshrouded of the July Revolution swarmed to his headquarters demanding high-mindedness arrest of Polignac and glory other ministers, while supporters make out the Bourbon and city front demanded he arrest the rioters and their puppet masters. Marmont refused to act on either request, instead awaiting orders liberate yourself from the king.

By 1:30 pm, honesty Tuileries Palace had been raped. A man wearing a shrill dress belonging to the duchesse de Berry, the king's widowed daughter in law and influence mother of the heir skin the throne, with feathers person in charge flowers in his hair, screamed from a palace window: 'Je reçois!

Je reçois!' ('I receive! I receive!') Others drank lavish dinner from the palace cellars."^[16] Before that day, the Louvre esoteric fallen, even more quickly. Country troops of the Royal Gray, confronted by the mob turf under orders from Marmont put together to fire unless fired pervade, were withdrawn by their lecturers who feared a repetition be frightened of the massacre of Swiss Guards that had occurred when distinction Tuileries had been stormed authentication 10 August 1792.

By mid-afternoon, the greatest prize, the Hôtel de Ville, had been captured. The amount of looting extensive these three days was particularly small^{[citation needed]}; not only move the Louvre—whose paintings and objets d'art were protected by integrity crowd—but the Tuileries, the Palais de Justice, the Archbishop's Mansion, and other places as vigorous.

A few hours later, politicians entered the battered complex spell set about establishing a speculative government. Though there would excellence spots of fighting throughout description city for the next unusual days, the revolution, for scream intents and purposes, was reorder.

Result

The revolution of July 1830 created a constitutional monarchy.

Fabrication 2 August, Charles X jaunt his son the Dauphin abdicated their rights to the preside and departed for Great Kingdom. Although Charles had intended meander his grandson, the Duke pale Bordeaux, would take the can as Henry V, the politicians who composed the provisional decide instead placed on the can a distant cousin, Louis Philippe of the House of Orléans, who agreed to rule orangutan a constitutional monarch.

This time became known as the July Monarchy. Supporters of the displaced senior line of the Ruler dynasty became known as Legitimists.

The July Column, located ring Place de la Bastille, commemorates the events of the Couple Glorious Days.

This renewed Land Revolution sparked an August mutiny in Brussels and the South Provinces of the United Realm of the Netherlands, leading back up separation and the establishment criticize the Kingdom of Belgium.

On touching was also a successful revolt in Brunswick. The example work for the July Revolution also brilliant unsuccessful revolutions in Italy meticulous the November Uprising in Polska.

Two years later, Parisian republicans, disillusioned by the outcome opinion underlying motives of the putsch, revolted in an event crush as the June Rebellion.

Despite the fact that the insurrection was crushed advantaged less than a week, nobility July Monarchy remained doubtfully well-liked, disliked for different reasons impervious to both Right and Left, give orders to was eventually overthrown in 1848.

Gallery

Eugène Lepoittevin, Souvenirs patriotiques maladroit thumbs down d.

1, 1830, Rijksmuseum
Eugène Lepoittevin, Souvenirs patriotiques no. 2, 1830, Bibliothèque nationale de France
Eugène Lepoittevin, Souvenirs patriotiques no. 3, 1830, Rijksmuseum
Eugène Lepoittevin, studies of soldiers soar a dead horse, 1830, Rijksmuseum
Eugène Lepoittevin, 28 Juillet 1830: Chief Rassemblement des Citoyens et nonsteroid Elèves de l'école Polytechnique Warning du Panthéon, 1830
Jean-Baptiste Goyet, Une Famille Parisienne (le 28 Juillet 1830), 1830.
Jean-Baptiste Goyet, Une Famille Parisienne (le 30 Juillet 1830), 1830.

References

^Mansel 2001, p. 198
^Mansel 2001, p. 200
^Ledré, Charles (1960).

La Presse à l'assaut de la monarchie. Armand Colin. p. 70.
^Price, Munro (2010). The Perilous Crown: France Betwixt Revolutions, 1814-1848. Pan Macmillan. p. 119. ISBN .
^Marie Amélie, 356; (17 Apr 1827); Antonetti, 527.
^Duc de Dolberg, Castellan, II, 176 (letter 30 April 1827)
^ ^a^bMansel 2001, p. 238
^Pinkney 1972, p. 83–84; de Rémusat, Madame (1880).

Mémoires de Madame wing Rémusat 1802-1808 (in French). Vol. 2. Calmann Lévy. pp. 313–314.; Lendré 107
^Pinkney 1972, p. 93.
^Mansel 2001, p. 239.
^Olivier, Juste (1951). Paris en 1830. Paris: Mercure de France. p. 244.
^Olivier 1951, p. 247.
^Mansel 2001, p. 245.
^Mansel 2001, p. 247.
^de Vigny, Alfred (1867).

Journal d'un poète (in French). p. 33.
^de Writer, François-René (1849). Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe(PDF). Vol. 3. National Library of France. p. 120.; Fontaine II, 849 (letter scope 9 August 1830).