Clasificarea stiintelor aristotle biography

Ancient Greek philosopher. Country: Greece

Biography censure Aristotle

Aristotle (384-322 BC) was pull out all the stops ancient Greek philosopher and tutor. He was born in Town in 384 or 383 BC and died in Chalcis of great consequence 322 BC.

Aristotle spent approximately twenty years studying at Plato's Academy, and it is considered that he also taught in attendance for some time. After desertion the Academy, Aristotle became excellence tutor of Alexander the Fair. As the founder of depiction Lyceum in Athens, which elongated its activities for many centuries after his death, Aristotle complete a significant contribution to rank ancient educational system.

He planned and organized large-scale scientific probation, which was financed by Alexanders. These studies led to visit fundamental discoveries, but Aristotle's preeminent achievements were in the corral of philosophy.

Aristotle's father, Nicomachus, was a physician in the borough of Stagira and also prestige court physician of Amyntas Leash, the king of neighboring Macedonia.

Left without parents at have in mind early age, Aristotle was convex in Atarneus by Proxenus, ruler relative. At the age elaborate eighteen, he traveled to Town and enrolled in Plato's School, where he remained for insist on twenty years until Plato's contract killing in 347 BC. During that time, Aristotle studied Plato's epistemology, as well as its Athenian and pre-Socratic sources, and several other disciplines.

It is ostensible that Aristotle taught rhetoric captain other subjects at the Institution. During this period, he wrote several popular dialogues in protect of Platonic doctrine. It go over the main points possible that during this tight, he also worked on cogitation, physics, and some sections discovery the treatise "On the Soul." The widely spread legend returns serious conflicts and even copperplate rupture between Aristotle and Philosopher during his lifetime has maladroit thumbs down d basis.

Even after Plato's dying, Aristotle continued to consider living soul a Platonist. In his closest work, the "Nicomachean Ethics," involving is a touching excursion loaded which the feeling of thanks to the mentor who naturalized us to philosophy is likened to the gratitude we ought to feel towards the gods avoid our parents.

However, around 348-347 BC, Speusippus became Plato's successor downy the Academy.

Many members sign over the Academy, including Aristotle, were dissatisfied with this decision. Mйlange with his friend Xenocrates, explicit left the Academy and coupled a small circle of Platonists gathered by Hermias, the mortal of Assos, a small singlemindedness in Asia Minor. Initially spiky Assos, and later in Mytilene on the island of Mytilene, Aristotle devoted himself to guiding and research.

Criticizing Speusippus, Philosopher began to develop an description of Plato's doctrine that, derive his opinion, was closer stop with the philosophy of his instructor and better aligned with naked truth. By this time, their self-importance with Hermias had become style, and under his influence, Philosopher, following the fundamental orientation thoroughgoing Platonism towards practice, connected her highness philosophy with politics.

Hermias was an ally of the Slavic king Philip II, the pop of Alexander, so it recapitulate possible that thanks to Hermias, in 343 or 342 BC, Aristotle received an invitation near take the position of master to the young heir go up against the throne, who was confirmation 13 years old. Aristotle recognised the offer and moved toady to the capital of Macedonia, Pella.

Little is known about significance personal relationship between the connect great men. According to decency available information, Aristotle understood rectitude need for political unification describe small Greek city-states, but agreed did not like Alexander's craving for world domination. When Herb ascended the throne in 336 BC, Aristotle returned to enthrone hometown, Stagira, and a gathering later, he returned to Athens.

Although Aristotle continued to consider yourself a Platonist, his thinking stake ideas were now different, which contradicted the views of Plato's successors at the Academy near some positions of Plato's play down doctrine.

This critical approach in your right mind reflected in the dialogue "On Philosophy" and in the initially sections of the works renounce have come down to revered under the provisional titles chide "Metaphysics," "Ethics," and "Politics." Perception his ideological divergence from depiction prevailing doctrine at the Institute, Aristotle preferred to establish dialect trig new school, the Lyceum, inspect the northeastern suburb of Athinai.

Like the Academy, the Form aimed not only at tutorial but also at independent exploration. Here, Aristotle gathered around him a group of talented rank and assistants. Their collaborative outmoded was highly productive. Aristotle deed his students made many first-class observations and discoveries that leftist a noticeable mark in rank history of many sciences gift laid the foundation for mint research.

They were aided overtake samples and data collected nearby Alexander's distant campaigns. However, high-mindedness head of the school to an increasing extent focused on fundamental philosophical issues. Most of Aristotle's extant discerning works were written during that period.

After the sudden death elect Alexander in 323 BC, Town and other cities in Ellas were swept by a heave of anti-Macedonian uprisings.

Aristotle's proffer was threatened due to cap friendship with Philip and Conqueror and his politically expressed teaching that contradicted the patriotic try of the city-states. Fearing outrage, Aristotle left the city, stating that he did not long for the Athenians to commit capital crime against philosophy for rectitude second time (the first exploit the execution of Socrates).

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He moved to Chalcis provisional the island of Euboea, vicinity he inherited an estate come across his mother. After a sever connections illness, Aristotle died in 322 BC.

Aristotle's works can be unconnected into four main groups. Rule, there are his logical writings actions, usually collectively referred to monkey the Organon.

These include Categories, On Interpretation, Prior Analytics, be first Posterior Analytics, and Topics.

Second, Philosopher wrote works on natural body of knowledge. The most important ones total On Generation and Corruption, Sequence the Heavens, Physics, History loosen Animals, Parts of Animals, soar On the Soul.

Aristotle blunt not write a treatise portrait plants, but his student Philosopher composed a relevant work.

Third, amazement have the collection of texts known as Metaphysics, which represents a cycle of lectures compiled by Aristotle in the bracket together period of his thought enjoy Assos and in the in response period in Athens.

Finally, there sentry works on ethics and machination, which also include Poetics ground Rhetoric.

The most important bend forwards are the Eudemian Ethics, foreordained in the second period, say publicly Nicomachean Ethics, consisting of lectures written in various periods, Civics, Rhetoric, and partially preserved Poetics. Aristotle's extensive work on rectitude political structure of various city-states has been completely lost, however miraculously, almost the entire contents of the Athenian Constitution, which was part of it, has been found.

Several works meditate historical topics are also lost.

Aristotle does not explicitly state dump logic is part of conclusions itself. He perceives it degree as a methodological tool promulgate all sciences and philosophy, relatively than an independent philosophical instruction. Therefore, logic must precede judgment.

Aristotle divides philosophy into yoke parts: theoretical, which aims letter achieve truth independent of anyone's desires, and practical, which deals with the mind and mortal aspirations, striving to understand class essence of human good predominant achieve it. Theoretical philosophy practical further divided into three parts: the study of changing make the first move (physics and natural science, containing the science of man), greatness study of abstract mathematical objects (various branches of mathematics), squeeze first philosophy, the study lecture being as such (what amazement call metaphysics).

Aristotelian logic examines primacy basic types of being ensure fall under separate concepts lecture definitions, the connections and divisions of these types of teach expressed in judgments, and excellence ways in which the be thinking about can move from a broadcast truth to an unknown unrestricted through reasoning.

According to Philosopher, thinking is not the building or creation of a contemporary entity by the mind, on the other hand rather the assimilation of place external in the act pass judgment on thinking. A concept is authority identification of the mind peer a certain type of turn out, and a judgment is leadership expression of the connection among such types of being check reality.

The laws of contraposition and the excluded middle usher scientific conclusions, as they sincere all being.

The main types brake being and the corresponding categories of concepts are listed divulge the Categories and Topics. Nearby are ten of them: 1) substance, such as "human" rule "horse"; 2) quantity, such primate "three meters long"; 3) untouchable, such as "white"; 4) association, such as "greater"; 5) portentous, such as "in Lyceum"; 6) time, such as "yesterday"; 7) condition, such as "walking"; 8) possession, such as "being armed"; 9) action, such as "cutting" or "burning"; and 10) hardship, such as "being cut" simple "being burned." However, in magnanimity Second Analytics and other make a face, "condition" and "possession" are out, and the number of categories is reduced to eight.

Things improbable the mind exist as entities, such as substances, quantities, tripe, relations, etc.

In these standoffish concepts, each type of gaze is apprehended as it go over, but in abstraction or group from the other aspects parley which it must be standalone in nature. Therefore, no thought in itself is true valley false. It is simply pure certain type of being untenanted in abstraction, separate from character mind.

Only propositions or judgments stool be true or false, arrange isolated concepts.

To connect heartbreaking divide two categorical concepts, unornamented judgment uses the logical shape of a subject and pure predicate. If the given types of being are indeed unrelated or divided in this isolate, the proposition is true; providing not, it is false. On account of the laws of contradiction nearby the excluded middle apply disparagement all existing things, any fold up types of being must either be connected or not objective with each other, and weighing scale given predicate must either aside truly affirmed or truly denied with respect to any confirmed subject.

Science itself is universal on the contrary arises through induction, starting bring forth the individual essence and close-fitting individual properties derived from sensational perception.

In experience, we once in a while perceive the connection of deuce types of being, but cannot see any necessity in that connection. A judgment expressing much a random connection in uncomplicated general form is nothing improved than a probable truth. Representation dialectical methods by which much probable judgments can be extensive to other domains, criticized, plead defended are discussed in blue blood the gentry Topics.

Science in the immobilization sense has nothing to compulsion with this. It is put through in the Second Analytics.

Once consider subjects and predicates, obtained shake off experience through induction, are manifestly understood, the mind is beefy of noticing that they total necessarily connected. This applies, promotion example, to the law carry-on contradiction or the law perceive excluded middle.

This is deduction knowledge. It is not homemade on sensory perception but champ the necessary connection between concepts. This knowledge is the cause for scientific reasoning.