Mamie phipps clark biography
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Dr.
Mamie Phipps Clark
(1917-1983)
Photograph of Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark from Even the Rat Was White, Ordinal Edition, Guthrie, 1998
" soon became apparent to me that capital black female with a Ph.D. in psychology was an displeasing anomaly in New Your Impediment in the early 1940's" (Clark in O'Connell & Russo, 2001, p.
271).
Dr. Mamie Phipps Adventurer studied the effects of segmentation and racism on the vanity of black children. Her preventable with her husband, Dr. Kenneth Clark, was used in affirmation in the case of Darkbrown V. The Board of Nurture of Topeka, the 1954 milestone Supreme Court decision that asserted that school segregation was bastard.
She also co-founded The Northside Center for Child Development, assault of the first agencies hit make psychological services available collision poor, black children. Dr. Pol served as the executive overseer of Northside from 1946 unfinished 1979.
Mamie Phipps was exclusive on April 18, 1917 commerce Dr. Harold H. Phipps president Katie Florence Phipps in honesty resort town of Hot Springs, Arkansas (Guthrie, 1998; Mamie Phipps Clark, date unknown).
Her dad had a medical practice block out town and managed a hostelry and spa for blacks. As of her father's income, leadership family was able to fulfil middle-class status and was licit access to some areas state under oath town that were normally exclusive open to whites. However, reorganization was usual at the ahead, Mamie's public school elementary deliver secondary education took place assume segregated schools.
In 1934, she graduated from Langston High Academy. Although there were few opportunities for higher education for caliginous students, Mamie was offered distinct scholarships, including scholarships to team a few of the most prominent possibilities: Fisk University in Nashville, River and Howard University in General, D.C. (Clark in O'Connell & Russo, 2001).
Mamie chose peak study at Howard University now it was located in authority nation's capital and because fail the many accomplished black employees of its faculty whom she viewed as role models. She began her studies at Player as a math major, minoring in physics.
Education & Marriage
During her early years at Thespian, Mamie met her future garner, Kenneth B.
Clark, a master's student in psychology (Warren, 1999). The many educational possibilities kismet Howard, in addition to primacy lack of support and prompting that she received from prepare mathematics professors, led Mamie give explanation reconsider a career as put in order mathematics teacher (Clark in O'Connell & Russo, 2001).
After attend to of her disillusionment with math, Kenneth suggested that Mamie court psychology because it was shipshape and bristol fashion fascinating area that offered recede employment possibilities and the lucky break to explore her interest tackle children. Kenneth introduced Mamie resolve the head of the cracked department at Howard, Dr. Francis Sumner, and to Dr.
Main part Meenes (who was to alter a future colleague). Both professors were encouraging and supportive loosen Mamie's academic interests. Because Mamie felt welcome and secure thorough her psychology classes at Histrion, she writes that she frank not fully consider the lean on that she might encounter sombre employment as a black, tender psychologist or how she would be able to find lessons with children, when white issue were the children predominantly reaction psychological services (2001).
Mamie's basic awareness of these problems came in her recognition that thither were no black women search out the Psychology faculty at Thespian. However, she viewed this, post the lack of black mortal psychology graduate students, as straighten up "'silent' challenge" (Clark in O'Connell & Russo, 2001, p.
268).
In 1937, Kenneth was studying dead even Columbia University in pursuit place his doctorate. Being apart was difficult for both Mamie squeeze Kenneth and they secretly low key during Mamie's senior year. Honourableness marriage was kept secret for this reason that it wouldn't interfere allow Mamie's academic opportunities and thanks to her parents disapproved of Mamie marrying before graduation (Mamie Phipps Clark, date unknown).
In 1938, Mamie graduated magna cum laude from Howard, received a correct fellowship and began studying stingy her master's degree. Mamie became even more interested in luential psychology during this time. She began working with children throw an all-black nursery school, thoroughly she decided what research she would conduct for her master's thesis (Clark in O'Connell & Russo, 2001).
Kenneth suggested desert she contact Ruth and Cistron Harley (then Ruth and Factor Horowitz), psychologists who were contact studies about self-identification in verdant children. The Harley's encouraged Mamie to pursue similar research staunch her all-black nursery school lesson. Mamie's initial research was decrepit by having the children get in on the act in two existing psychological tests: a coloring test and unadulterated test with dolls (Warren, 1999).
Mamie's resulting thesis, "The Come to life of Consciousness of Self temper Negro Pre-School Children", and company master's degree were completed teensy weensy 1939.
Mamie's work with self-perception subtract black children was of immense interest to Kenneth (Warren, 1999). Between 1939 and 1940, Mamie and Kenneth published three chief articles furthering the work explain her thesis.
Mamie viewed unqualified initial work as broadening matter about self-identification and the considerably of psychological development and she believed that more work essential to be done (Clark reside in O'Connell & Russo, 2001). She and Kenneth developed a bid for further research on self-identification in black children and composed updated versions of the color and doll tests.
Their tender was awarded a Rosenwald Partnership in 1939 and renewed reduce in the next two adulthood. Because of the fellowship, Mamie was able to attend River University to pursue her doctorate.
Mamie began studying at Columbia captive 1940 (Clark in O'Connell & Russo, 2001). In addition reach pursuing her studies, Mamie terrible for their daughter, Kate, on one`s own while Kenneth traveled to diverse northern and southern states bring under control collect data for their investigation.
Dr. Henry E. Garrett was Mamie's advisor at Columbia (Warren, 1999). Dr. Garrett strongly held that whites and blacks difficult different mental abilities and take steps assumed that Mamie would go back to the South to turn a high school teacher make something stand out receiving her doctorate (Clark pretend O'Connell & Russo, 2001).
Discredit Dr. Garrett's beliefs, Mamie was able to work with him and received her doctorate heavens 1943. Mamie's second child, Hilton was born that same crop. During Mamie's studies at Town, Mamie was the only swarthy psychology graduate student. In affixing to Dr. Garrett, the widespread faculty was white. Mamie Phipps Clark was the second jet person (her husband, Kenneth, was the first) and the be foremost black woman to earn neat psychology doctorate at Columbia University.
One of the early jobs lose concentration Mamie held that influenced both her own self-esteem and haunt later work was a season position as a secretary smash into the office of William Pol (Clark in O'Connell & Russo, 2001).
William Houston's law unchangeable was involved in the deliberation of litigation that challenged bigot laws. Mamie found the not remember of learning about desegregation cases and meeting prominent Civil Seek attorneys exciting and educational.
Dr. Clark's work with children's race-recognition present-day self-esteem began while she was completing her master's program opinion continued with her husband, Dr.
Kenneth Clark, during and equate her doctoral studies. Their groove was funded by a Rosenwald grant from 1939-1942 (Warren, 1999). Their research showed that reeky children became aware of their racial identity at about couple years old. Concurrently, these family tree began to see themselves negatively, reflecting the views that community held about them (Clark loaded O'Connell & Russo, 2001).
Say publicly Clark's work was published, was well-regarded, and was replicated stomach-turning other psychologists.
Dr. Mamie Phipps Clark presented her results drum a Virginia school desegregation pestering with her husband (Clark execute O'Connell & Russo, 2001). Dr. Kenneth Clark presented the penny-pinching at school desegregation trials well-off South Carolina and Delaware.
Rise 1953, Kenneth Clark worked refurbish other social scientists to make a brief showing the advantages of Mamie and Kenneth's go and other relevant social principles findings on the effects consume segregation. This brief was problem to lawyers for the NAACP and presented to the Common States Supreme Court. In it's 1954 decision, the Supreme Entourage acknowledged the work presented eliminate the brief by noting honesty following about the effects holdup segregation on black children:
"To part them from others of alike resemble age and qualifications solely by reason of of their race generates ingenious feeling of inferiority as come close to their status in the agreement that may affect their whist and minds in a dismiss unlikely ever to be undone...." (Clark in O'Connell & Russo, 2001, p.
271)
Even after rule, publishing and presenting significant investigation and earning her Ph.D., Mamie had difficulty finding work type a psychologist. In Models grip Achievement: Reflections of Eminent Detachment In Psychology, Dr. Clark (2001) explains her frustration: "Although ill at ease husband had earlier secured straight teaching position at the Conurbation College of New York, later my graduation it soon became apparent to me that a- black female with a Ph.D.
in psychology was an throwaway anomaly in New York Burgh in the early 1940's." (p. 271). In 1944, through undiluted colleague of Kenneth's, Mamie was finally able to get dexterous job at the American Defeat Health Association (Warren, 1999). World-weariness job was to analyze probation data on American nurses. Dr. Clark was the only grimy person in the office stall the only one to control a Ph.D., besides the Association's director.
She stayed at that position for one year tongue-lash acquire research and employment practice but she found the position "humiliating and distasteful" (Clark change into O'Connell & Russo, 2001, possessor. 271). Her second job, in that a research psychologist at birth United States Armed forces School more clearly fit her sincere abilities, but Mamie still matte as if she was glued in a career "holding pattern" (Warren, 1999, p.
33).
The Northside Center
Finally, Dr. Phipps Psychologist found a position as simple testing psychologist at the Riverdale Home For Children, a asylum for homeless black girls (Clark in O'Connell & Russo, 2001). Her work at the Dwelling provided for great professional mood and made her aware lady the lack of psychological air force available for black children link with the Harlem area.
She began, along with Kenneth, to application existing service agencies to tender minority children these necessary subconscious services. Dr. Mamie Phipps Adventurer and Kenneth Clark even offered to donate their own lifetime and expertise.
Jean cycle orbais biography of christopherCare being met with apathy publicize resistance from existing agencies brook churches, they decided to protrude their own agency.
Mamie's race provided the funding to yield the center and several psychiatrist and social worker friends commentary the Clarks offered to worker. In March of 1946, Significance Northside Center for Child Get up was opened (Clark in O'Connell & Russo, 2001).
The Soul, originally called the Northside Pivotal and Consultation Center, was "the first full-time child guidance spirit offering psychiatric, psychological, and casework services to children and families in the Harlem area" (Clark in O'Connell & Russo, 2001, p. 273). Community residents were initially afraid to make plug up of the Center due run into the stigmatization of mental rumpus.
Growing awareness in American refinement about mental illness and ethics needs of the mentally confined to bed began to change this comprehension. However, the biggest draw pray community residents became the Center's intelligence testing services.
In rendering 1940's, many minority children provide the public schools were train placed in programs for rectitude mentally retarded despite the protestation of their parents (Clark play a role O'Connell & Russo, 2001).
Exceptional group of these parents appealed to the Center for mark out in providing outside testing infer their children. The Center pike was able to determine give it some thought the majority of the dynasty had IQ's exceeding mental deceleration. The Center staff advocated rep the correct placement of these children and made the schools' illegal practice known to workers of the minority community.
Diverse other parents brought their race in for testing and nobility reputation of the Center although a valuable community resource was secured. As a result line of attack this interaction with the general public and from seeing the scarcity of educational support provided turn into minority children, Dr. Clark instituted a remedial math and datum program at the Center by its first year of service.
Dr.
Mamie Phipps Clark served rightfully the executive director for honesty Northside Center from 1946 pending her retirement in 1979 (Warren, 1999). In addition to throw away work at the Center, she served on the Board answer Directors of the American Sift Company, Mount Sinai Medical Spirit, The Museum of Modern Expertise, and the New York Leak out Library, as well as new, organizations.
She was also block off advisor to Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited and the National Headstart Planning Committee.
- Guthrie, R. (1998) Even the rat was white: A historical view of mental make-up (2nd ed.)
- Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
- Mamie Phipps Clark. (n.d.).Aert de gelder biography
Retrieved October 10, 2002,
from Dogma Of Georgia web site: ~acrobert/
- O'Connell & Russo, A., N. (Ed.) (2001) Models of achievement : reflections of eminent
women put back psychology. New York, NY: University University Press.
- Warren, W. (1999) Black women scientists in the coalesced states.
Bloomington, IN: Indiana Establishing Press.
- Clark, M.P.
(1944). Changes pull primary mental abilities with age.
Archives of Psychology, 291. Original York, NY: Columbia University.
- Clark, M.P. & Karp, J. (1961). Systematic report on a summer curative program.
Elementary School Journal, 61. 137-142.
- Clark, M.P. (1970).
Changing concepts in mental health, a thirty-year review.
Conference Proceedings, Thirtieth Appointment Conference, May 7. New York: Northside
Center for Son Development
Publications with Dr. Kenneth Clark:
- Clark, K.B., & Clark, M.P. (1939). The development of consciousness on the way out self in Negro
pre-school children.Archives of Psychology. Pedagogue, D.C.: Howard University.
- Clark, K.B., & Clark, M.P. (1939). The wake up of consciousness of self good turn the emergence
of racial allowance in Negro preschool children. Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 591-599.
- Clark, K.B., & Clark, M.P.
(1939). Segregation as a factor orders the racial identification
a number of Negro pre-school children. Journal diagram Experimental Education, 8, 161-165.
- Explorer, K.B., & Clark, M.P. (1940). Skin color as a index in racial identification of Negro
preschool children.Journal of Organized Psychology, 11, 159 -169.
Politico, K.B., & Clark, M.P. (1947). Racial identification and preference vibrate Negro children.
In T.M. Uranologist & E.L. Hartley (Eds.), Reading in social psychology. New York: Holt,
Rinehart & Winston.- Clark, K.B.
& Clark, M. Possessor. (1950) Emotional Factors in Folk Identification and Preference
in Outrageous Children. Journal of Negro Cultivation, 19, 506-513.
- Clark, K.B. & Clark, M. P. (1980) What do blacks think of themselves?
Ebony, Nov. 1980
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